SPEECH EXAM REVIEW #2

Hasty Generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient

False Cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

Invalid Analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Red Herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Slippery Slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented 

Appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right & wrong in human affairs

Plagarism

presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own

Global

stealing a speech entirely from a single source & passing it off as one’s own

Patchwork

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources & passing it off as one’s own

Incremental

failing to give credit for parts borrowed from other sources

4 listening types

appreciative, empathetic, comprehensive, critical

Appreciative

listening for pleasure, enjoyment

Empathetic

listening to provide emotional support for speaker

Comprehensive

listening to understand message

Critical

listening to evaluate message

Causes of poor listening

not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, focusing on delivery/appearance

Listen for

main points. evidence. technique

When looking at evidence think is it 

accurate, objective, relevant, sufficient

Audience Centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation & presentation

Egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

Denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of words or phrases (precise, objective)

Connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by word or phrase (variable, subjective)

Use language this way

accurately, clearly, vividly, appropriately

Abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

Concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects

Imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

Rhythm

pattern of sound created by choice, arrangement of words

Parallelism

similar arrangement of pair or series of related words, phrases, sentences

Repetition

reiterating same word or set of words, located at beginning or end of successive clauses, sentences

Alliteration

repeating initial consonant in close or adjoining words

Antithesis

juxtaposition of idea, usually in parallel structure

Nonverbal communication

communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

Manuscript

a speech written out word for word & read to the audience

Impromptu

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Extemporaneous

a carefully prepared & rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes 

Volume

the loudness or softness of voice

Pitch

the highness or lowness of voice

Inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice

Rate

speed at which a person speaks

Kinesics

the study of body motions as mode of communication

Photos & Drawings

enlarge for audience, avoid passing, display with presentation technology

Graphs

a visual aid used to show statistical trends & patterns

Line graph

uses one or more lines to show changes over time

Pie graph

highlights segments of circle to show distribution patterns

Bar graph

uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons

Charts

helpful for summarizing a large block of info, help listeners visualize info, show steps of process, keep simple & clear

Video & the Speaker

keep short, cue to start of clip, integrate smoothly, avoid low-resolution, use your body to demonstrate procedure, practice coordinating words & actions

Mental Dialogue

the mental give & take between speaker & listener during a persuasive speech

Target Audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Questions of Fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Questions of Policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Value Judgement

based on a person’s beliefs about what is right/wrong, good/bad, fair/unfair, etc

Passive Agreement

convinces audience policy is desirable. necessary, practical…persuade them to concur

Immediate Action

convinces audiences to act (specifically) in support of policy

Burden of Proof

always rests with the speaker who advocates change

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

4 ways to persuade your audience

build credibility, use evidence, provide reasoning, appeal to emotions

Credibility

perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a topic. Two main factors are competence & character

Types of Credibility

initial, derived, terminal

Reasoning from Specific Instances

moving from particular facts to general conclusion

Causal Reasoning

Seeks to establish the relationship between cause & effect

Reasoning from Principle

moving from general principle to specific conclusion

Analogical Reasoning

comparing two similar case & inferring that what is true for one case is also true for the second

4 Main Types of Speaking on Special Occasions

introduction, presentation, acceptance, commemoration