IB HOA Final Units 1-3

Proclamation of 1763

The British banned colonial settlement west of Appalachians to avoid Native conflict.

French and Indian War

British vs. French/Native allies; British victory but huge debt, taxed colonies.

Stamp Act

Tax on printed materials; sparked colonial protests and boycotts.

Constitutional Convention

1787 meeting to revise Articles; led to U.S. Constitution.

Continental Congress

Delegates coordinated colonial response to British policies.

Continental Army

Formed by 2nd Congress, led by George Washington.

Columbian Exchange

Global exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases post-1492.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement of colonial independence, authored by Jefferson.

Olive Branch Petition

Final peace offer to Britain rejected by King George III.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended American Revolution; recognized U.S. independence.

Assimilation

Forcing minorities to adopt dominant culture.

Colonization

Establishing control over foreign lands/peoples.

Mercantilism

Economic policy of exporting more than importing; colonies support the mother country.

Boycott

Refusal to buy goods as a protest.

Exploitation

Unfair use of people/resources for benefit.

Indentured

Labor system where servants work for years in exchange for passage.

Tariff

Tax on imports/exports.

Egalitarianism

Belief in equality of all people.

Federalism

Power shared between state and national governments.

Ratification

Formal approval of a document or law.

Henry Hudson

Explored for Dutch; Hudson River named after him.

Miguel Hidalgo

Led Mexican independence movement (1810).

Simón Bolívar

Venezuelan leader who freed much of South America from Spain.

Toussaint Louverture

Led Haitian Revolution against France.

George Washington

Commander of Continental Army; 1st U.S. President.

Thomas Jefferson

Main author of Declaration of Independence.

Marquis de Lafayette

French officer who aided the American Revolution.

John Adams

Revolutionary leader and 2nd U.S. President.

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist leader; founded U.S. financial system.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict over slavery in Kansas Territory.

Harpers Ferry Raid

John Brown’s failed slave rebellion in 1859.

Fugitive Slave Act

Required return of escaped slaves; increased Northern resistance.

Compromise of 1850

California free, strict fugitive slave law, popular sovereignty in new territories.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed popular sovereignty; led to violence.

Missouri Compromise

Drew a line dividing slave/free states.

Manifest Destiny

Belief U.S. was destined to expand westward.

Nullification Crisis

SC tried to ignore federal tariffs; Jackson opposed.

Mexican-American War

U.S. gained territory, reignited slavery debate.

Underground Railroad

Network helping slaves escape to freedom.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery.

Fugitive

Escaped person, often from slavery.

Gradualism

Idea of ending slavery slowly over time.

Compromise

Agreement where both sides make concessions.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one’s region over the nation.

Confederacy

Alliance of seceded Southern states.

Secession

Formal withdrawal from a nation.

Cotton gin

Eli Whitney’s invention increased cotton production and slavery.

Popular sovereignty

People vote to decide slavery in territories.

Nullification

State’s claim to invalidate federal law.

Dred Scott

Enslaved man denied freedom by Supreme Court in 1857.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president; opposed slavery expansion.

John Brown

Radical abolitionist who led Harpers Ferry Raid.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave, author, and abolitionist.

Charles Sumner

Senator beaten for anti-slavery speech.

Andrew Jackson

President during the Nullification Crisis; opposed secession.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist who published The Liberator.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

Harriet Tubman

Former slave and Underground Railroad conductor.

Nat Turner

Led a slave rebellion in 1831.

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to blockade South and cut it in half.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in rebelling states (1863).

Confederate States of America

Southern states that seceded from Union.

Border states

Slave states that stayed in Union (e.g. KY, MO).

54th Massachusetts

First major Black regiment in the Union Army.

1st & 2nd Manassas

Early Confederate victories in VA.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point; Union victory ended Lee’s invasion.

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest day; allowed Lincoln to issue Emancipation.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Total war from Atlanta to Savannah.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech to honor fallen soldiers, redefine war’s purpose.

Attrition

Wearing down enemy through constant losses.

Blockade

Blocking trade/access to enemy ports.

Conscription

Military draft.

Draft riots

Violent protests against conscription (esp. NYC 1863).

Contraband

Escaped slaves treated as captured enemy property.

Habeas corpus

Right to be charged or released; suspended by Lincoln.

Inflation

Rapid increase in prices due to war spending.

Homefront

Civilian efforts to support war.

Income tax

First introduced during Civil War to fund war.

Seizure

Taking property for military use.

Abraham Lincoln

Union leader; freed slaves, preserved Union.

Clara Barton

Founded the Red Cross; Civil War nurse.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general who defeated Lee.

Robert E. Lee

Top Confederate general.

William T. Sherman

Led destructive March to the Sea.

P.T. Beauregard

Confederate general at Fort Sumter and Bull Run.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Lincoln in 1865.

Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general, key at Bull Run, died 1863.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy.

George McClellan

Union general; cautious, later ran against Lincoln.