Corrections: 16, 6, and 4

What is Parole?

Early release of an offender from Prison upon the end of their sentence

What are the numbers for Parole?

874,000 people on Parole with no change in the last 10-20 years

12% are Female (went up 10%) with 88% being Male

Offenses are Parole?

31% are Drug related

30% are Violent

21% are Property

18% are other crimes

Conditions for Parole?

Same as Probation, but stricter with living and having pitbulls

Ticket to Leave System

Sir Walter Crofton

Offenders were permitted to leave Prison for a period of time for good behavior/conduct

Mark System

Alexander Maconohie (Father of Parole in the UK)

One good mark for good behavior through 3 level

Elmira Reformatory

Zebulon Brockway (Father of Parole in the US)

1876 to the 1900s

Indeterminate

early release, but supervision once out

Current Model

Crime Control or Due Process

Parole at the State Level

IL: State, Department of Corrections, Adult State, Department of Juvenile Justice, Juvenile Education

Parole Boards

13 members, serving for 6 years, and appointed by the Governor with Senate consent

Hearings heard by 3 out of the 13 members in Prison

Institutional Parole Officers

Help prepare inmates for release (a month before)

Prerelease Plan

A comprehensive set of actions and services to prepare an incarcerated individual for their release into the community

Reentry Initiative

1. Offender Reentry

   1. Process for offender transitioning back into society

2. Second Chance Act (2008)

   1. Help offenders get reintegrated into society

3. Roadmap to Reentry

   1. Each inmate gets a reentry plan while in prison/jail and access to programs should be given to help inmates keep family relationships/support/connections

Reasons for Revocation

1. Substantive

- Offenders has a new offense

2. Technical

-Anything else

Intermediate Sanctions

Range of punishment options that is more than Probation, but less than Parole

The philosophy is “More Severe” than Probation, preventing people from wanting to go to Prison

Cost vs. Incarcertion

Probation has 4,000 people—Inpatient has 30k—-Prison has 35k/year

Community Service

A court-ordered alternative to incarceration or a volunteer role for the public to support rehabilitation

Intensive Supervised Probation

Class def: Regular probation with added measures

Book def: from of that stresses intense supervision and control

Effective?- No

House Arrest

Offender is confined to their house

Electronic Monitoring

A form of digital surveillance that tracks a person's location, movement, or behavior using devices like ankle bracelets or GPS, often as an alternative to incarceration for criminal justice

Things with Passive EM

Costs $7 a day

Landline Telephones

Delay in information/ 2x a day —- 8 to 12 hours

In-range or out with times

Things with Active EM

Costs $10 a day

Satellites

Almost instantaneous data

Does not track location

Things with GPS EM

Costs $20 a day

Satellite

Instantaneous

Does track location

Completion Rates

-70% to 92%

Went down if offender was monitored for 6 months

Day Reporting Centers

Offenders report to buildings

High risk offenders/ 5x a week from 8 to 5pm/ 3months/1 year

Effective?- No and Yes, since it is meant for high risk offenders

Halfway Houses

Step between prison/jail and home

Separate houses for different people

600 houses with 20k offenders a year

90% are private and 10% are run by Corrections

Costs $45 a day to be fully staffed

Effective?- Mixed

Specialty Courts

Courts that offenders go to depending on their special case: Drug, Veteran, Domestic Violence, Mental Health

You have to be referred to the program, it isn’t an automatic thing you get. The team( within the courts) also have a say.

Conditions for Drug Court

36 month Drug Court Probation

18 months

180 days in Jail (subject to review)

Probation Revocation

Effective?- Yes/// 37 to 50% criminal reduction

Grooming

In a predatory sense, grooming is a calculated, manipulative process by which an abuser builds a trusting relationship with a victim—often a child or a vulnerable adult—to lower their inhibitions and prepare them for sexual abuse or other forms of exploitation. 

Most Common Sentence of Child Molesters

Prison for Rape

Child Molesters get Probation since no force/violence was used

Supervision and Treatment Strategies

1. Sex Offender Treatment- 2 years

2.  Polygraph- To catch if the offender is lying and used for supervision

3. Penile Plethysmograph- Test the offender for attraction

4. Chemical Castration- Medication given to Sex Offenders to lower sex drive

Megan’s Law

Law that requires Sex Offenders register their location into an online database that is free to the public

Boat Camps

Teaches offenders discipline, so they can be productive members of society

1. Diversion- if program is completed, no record

2. Alternative to Prison- Department of Corrections decides only for the Adult

3. Community Option- For Juveniles only

Effective?- No, in some studies/cases it got worse, some passed. Boot camps are only focused on the on discipline and not the problem

The Modern Jail

A confinement facility at the county or local level ran by a Sheriff which is designed to hold people awaiting trial and serving less than a year

Types of Inmates

1. Convicted

2. Unconvicted

1. Pretrial- could take longer than a year

2. Awaiting Transport- Two staff members drive the inmate to a different location

Rapid Turnover

The widespread and high rates of personnel turnover within law enforcement and corrections agencies

#’s: Daily— 730,000 and 10 million a year// Prisons have 1.5 million

Rural Jails

Jails in a Rural area

Metropolitan Jails

Jails in a large city

Jail Configurations

1. Linear

   1. Cheaper Land

   2. More inmate movement

   3. Harder for Guards

2. Podular Direct-Supervision

   1. 2 stories

   2. No inmate movement

   3. Everything happens in the open space of the Pods

   4. Separate pods for the different inmates within the jail

   5. Less fights and problems than with Linear

Booking Process

The formal process that occurs after an arrest where a law enforcement agency officially records information about the suspect and the alleged crime. This includes documenting personal details, taking fingerprints and mugshots, collecting personal property, conducting a medical screening (mental, substance abuse, gang affiliation) and doing background checks

Sallyport

Secure entrance to bring inmates into the jail by car, van or a bus

Holding Cell

Is a temporary detention cell, often found in police stations or courthouses, used to hold individuals for short periods, such as while awaiting a court appearance or for processing (48-hour limit)

Phone Call Rules

Requires inmates to call out using an approved list, and all calls are generally subject to monitoring and recording, except for confidential calls with an attorney. To make a call, the inmate must have funds or a pre-paid account, and the recipient must accept the charges. Each call is typically limited in duration, and all conversations should avoid discussing legal matters or making threats.  

1. Who can call

2. Phone lists

3. Collect calls

4. Call monitoring

5. Attorney Calls

6. call duration

7. Prohibited content

8. Cost

9. Incentives

10. PINs

Strip Search Procedure

Requires a person to remove or rearrange some or all of their clothing to permit a visual inspection of the person's private areas. Strict legal and procedural guidelines govern these searches to protect an individual's rights and dignity, although some who have experienced them describe the process as degrading and humiliating

Issues with booking female inmates

Female offending is increasing

Need for space for female inmates

Training for officers/staff members

Jails as Long-term facilities

For offenders on Pretrial and serving sentences longer than the one year usually in jail (overcrowding)

Louisiana has the biggest rate of overcrowding

Healthcare in Jails

Physical health checks

Health screenings (safety and for law)

One-third of prisoners report health issues

With females, 53% report cancer 8x higher

Medication is given

HIPPA Violations are important