Copy of ArcHist

Baroque

Style originating from Italy that combined the 3 main art forms:painting, sculpture, & architecture.

Counter Reformation

A reaction against the Protestant Reformation, which influenced the development of Baroque architecture.

Carlo Maderna

An architect known for his work on St. Peter's Basilica's facade.

Francesco Borromini

An architect known for his works such as San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and Sant Ivo alla Sapienza.

Guarino Guarini

An architect known for his work on San Lorenzo Church.

Crescendo effect

Observed in the arrangement of columns or the spacing between them, used in St. Peter's Basilica's facade.

Loggia of the Blessings

The balcony-like space over the main door of St. Peter's Basilica where the Pope would address the crowd.

Colossal Columns

Columns that extend beyond one floor.

Caryatid

A sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support.

Cartouche

An oval ornament containing an emblem or a coat of arms.

Piazza of St

An open square or public place in Italy where people assemble to receive Papal blessings.

Estipite

A pilaster that tapers toward the base, used in Caravaca de la Cruz church.

Baldachin

A canopy placed over an altar or throne.

Solomonic columns

Bronze composite columns used in St. Peter's Basilica.

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

A church known for its curvilinear form, undulating wall treatment, and oval dome.

Sant'ivo alla Sapienza

A church known for its star-shaped hexagon plan and synthesis of Renaissance dome and Gothic tower.

Guarino Guarini

An architect known for revolutionizing spatial concepts and structural procedures.

San Lorenzo Church, Turin

A church known for its logical geometry of plan and intricately interwoven succession of spaces.

Churrigueresque style

A Spanish baroque style characterized by highly sculptural facades made of stucco.

Palace of Versailles

A palace in France known for its grandeur and association with absolute power.

Hall of Mirrors

One of the most emblematic spaces in the Palace of Versailles, known for its ostentatious display of power.

André Le Nôtre

A landscape architect known for his work on the gardens of the Palace of Versailles.

Jules Hardouin Mansart

An architect known for his imposing scale and understated simplicity in his buildings.

St

A domed church in Paris known for its Baroque quality of fluidity in the central space.

Crescendo effect

The narrowing of column spacing and increasing depth of relief in the forwarded facade to culminate the focus.

Dome

The large, rounded roof structure of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, measuring 110 meters in diameter, making it the second largest in the world.

Sir Christopher Wren

The architect of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, known for his contributions to Baroque architecture.

Ottobeuren Church

A monastery church part of a Benedictine Abbey in Germany, known for its ornamental disguises and trompe l'oeil effects.

Johann Balthasar Neumann

A German architect known for his significant contributions to Baroque architecture, including the Würzburg Residence and Michaelsberg Abbey.

Colonial Influence of Portuguese

The arrival of the Portuguese in South Asia and their adaptation of colonial Renaissance style in building forts, churches, and monasteries.

Colonial Influence of Dutch

The arrival of the Dutch in India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia for trade, resulting in the construction of fortifications and town churches.

Colonial Influence of the French

The establishment of French colonies in India and Southeast Asia, leading to the development of hybrid colonial French and local architectural styles.

Architecture Parlante

The concept of "speaking architecture," where the design of a building explains its own function.

Carlo Lodoli

An architect known for his emphasis on functionalism and truth to materials in architectural design.

Marc Antoine Laugier

A theorist who believed that true architecture only required the post, lintel, and roof, as seen in the primitive hut.

Etienne-Louis Boullee

A French architect and theorist who believed that the sphere was the only perfect architectural shape.

Claude Nicolas Ledoux

A French architect known for his value for geometric shapes and symbolic building concepts.

Propylaea

An entrance structure to a temenos, or sacred enclosure.

Neoclassicism

A revival of classical architecture characterized by repetitive elements and a close imitation of Greek and Roman design.

Romantic Naturalism

An architectural style characterized by nonlinear, picturesque, and painterly designs inspired by nature.

U.S

The most monumental expression of American classicism, influenced by Greek and Roman ideals.

Westminster Palace, London

A building rebuilt in a Gothic style after a fire, showcasing the universality of Gothic architecture beyond churches.

Reichstag, Berlin

A building that expresses Germany's national self-image through its tall structure and use of Baroque and Italian Renaissance elements.

Theory of the Picturesque

An artistic concept and style that emphasizes the pictorial values of architecture and landscape in combination with each other.

Karl Friedrich Schinkel

An architect known for his Neo-Greek style, symbolizing the political and moral freedom of Athenian Greece.

Prussian Building Commission

A surveyor organization responsible for redesigning buildings in Prussia.

Berlin Schauspielhaus

The first major work of Schinkel, designed in Greek revival style.

Altes Museum

A museum in Berlin with a facade inspired by Greek stoa and a symmetrical plan.

Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington)

Studied Andrea Palladio's books and influenced English neoclassicism.

William Kent

A landscape architect and furniture designer who applied his style to public buildings in London.

Chiswick House

A compact and simple geometric house with stucco over brickwork, influenced by Palladio.

Sir John Soane

An architect known for his attention to detail and lighting, with a former residence now turned museum.

Bank of England Building

Designed by Soane, characterized by rusticated screen walls and an interior inspired by Piranesi's sketches.

John Nash

A British architect known for designing picturesque Gothic castles, including the Royal Pavilion in Brighton.

Charles Garnier

A French architect known for his neo-Baroque style, particularly seen in the Paris Opera House.

Johann Balthasar Neumann

An architect born in Bohemia known for his iron and steel structures.

Industrial Revolution

A period of significant economic and technological change, leading to the use of iron in construction.

Cast Iron

A type of iron that is brittle but shows compressive strength, commonly used in pipes and automotive parts.

Wrought Iron

A more refined and durable type of iron, malleable with low tensile strength.

Steel

The most pure and versatile form of iron, with added carbon for durability and greater strength.

Sunderland Bridge

A bridge made of wrought iron, known for its durability and longer span.

Bridge over Menai Straits

A steel iron bridge with a straightforward design, precursor to modern architecture.

Conway Castle Bridge

One of the first iron suspension bridges, supported by steel cables.

Cast Iron Column

The first structural building material produced by new industrial methods, used in framing walls and windows.

Cast Iron Skeleton Construction

A construction method using cast iron skeletal framework instead of load-bearing masonry walls.

James Bogardus

An architect known for inventing cast iron skeleton construction, seen in the St. Louis Riverfront Buildings.

Menier Chocolate Works

A factory building with a full skeleton frame construction, showcasing exposed iron members.

Window frames

Part of the skeletal structure of a building.

Henri Labrouste

French architect known for studying ancient Roman monuments and incorporating their structural concepts into his designs.

Library of Saint Genevieve

A library designed by Henri Labrouste, known for its use of wrought iron frames and cast iron on top of a masonry base.

Bibliotheque Nationale

The national library of France, known for its classical/traditional forms reinterpreted in steel and glass.

Crystal Palace

A building designed by Joseph Paxton, made of steel framing and glass, known for its prefabrication construction.

Paris Exhibition of 1889

An exhibition held in Paris, featuring the Gallery of the Machines and the Eiffel Tower.

Gallery of the Machines

A structure designed by Charles Ferdinand Dutert and Victor Contamin, supported by arched trusses.

Eiffel Tower

A monument designed by Gustave Eiffel, made of iron members and symbolizing the spirit of the French revolution.

Chicago School

A group of architects in Chicago known for their use of steel framing and limited exterior ornamentation.

Neoclassical architectural elements

Elements reflecting the basic parts of a classical column in the overall building image.

Chicago windows

Large plate window areas commonly used in Chicago School architecture.

Chicago School

A style of architecture characterized by steel frame skeleton construction, composite construction, large plate window areas, and neoclassical elements.

Steel Frame Skeleton Construction

A construction method that uses a steel frame as the primary structural support for a building.

Composite Construction

A construction method that combines different materials, such as steel and masonry, to create a building.

Neoclassical Elements

Architectural elements that reflect the basic parts of classical columns, often used in neoclassical buildings.

Chicago Windows

Three-part windows consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows.

William Le Baron Jenney

An architect known for designing the Home Insurance Building, the first American skyscraper supported by a steel skeleton.

Frederick Baumann

An architect who asserted that each vertical element of a building should have a separate foundation ending on a broad pad.

Holabird & Roche

An architectural firm known for designing the Monadnock Building, the last American skyscraper with load-bearing masonry walls.

Dankmar Adler

An architect who devised a raft of timbers, steel beams, and iron I-beams to float the Auditorium Building.

Daniel Burnham

An architect who reintroduced traditional ornamentation and partnered with John Root to design various buildings, including the Fuller Flatiron Building and the Reliance Building.

Louis Sullivan

An architect known as the best exponent of the Chicago School style, who emphasized the aesthetics of structure and coined the phrase "form follows function."

Montauk Building

A building designed by Louis Sullivan that incorporates modernist components and is known for its white walls.

Wainwright Building

A building designed by Louis Sullivan with a tripartite division consisting of the Attic-Shaft-Base and an open plan with a honeycomb layout.

Guaranty Building

A building that represents the climax of Louis Sullivan's development of tall office buildings and is described as a "powerful body in an upright position."

Art Nouveau

A style characterized by the use of iron and steel as both structural and aesthetic elements, organic forms inspired by nature, and integration of design.

Jugendstil

The German term for Art Nouveau, meaning "youthful style."

Sezessionstil

The Austrian term for Art Nouveau, referring to artists who seceded or detached from traditionalists.

Stile Liberty

The Italian term for Art Nouveau.

Stile Guimarde

The French term for Art Nouveau, named after Hector Guimard, known for his entrance gate to the Paris Railway Station.

Modernisme

The Spanish term for Art Nouveau.

Baron Victor Horta

An architect known for his use of iron and steel frame construction and his integration of design in Art Nouveau buildings.

Antonio Gaudi

An architect known as the "Undisputed Genius" of Art Nouveau in Spain, who promoted modern architecture.