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Normal urine except:
a. Should be sterile
b. Color: pale yellow
c. pH is 4.5-8 thus generally acidic
d. Specific gravity is 1.002 - 1.030
e. No protein
f. None
f. None
Specific gravity of urine in diabetes mellitus and dehydration.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
a. Increased
Specific gravity of urine in diabetes insipidus.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
b. Decreased
May indicate renal diseases and pre-eclampsia.
a. Protenuria
b. Glucosuria
c. Hematuria
d. Renal Casts
e. Pyuria
a. Protenuria
May indicate diabetes mellitus.
a. Protenuria
b. Glucosuria
c. Hematuria
d. Renal Casts
e. Pyuria
b. Glucosuria
Cardinal signs of DM.
a. Polyuria
b. Polydipsia
c. Weight Loss
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
f. All
May indicate renal disease caused by bleeding disorders.
a. Protenuria
b. Glucosuria
c. Hematuria
d. Renal Casts
e. Pyuria
c. Hematuria
May indicate glomerular injury.
a. RBC cast
b. WBC cast
c. Lipid cast
d. Hyalin cast
a. RBC cast
May indicate interstitial or tubular Injury.
a. RBC cast
b. WBC cast
c. Lipid cast
d. Hyalin cast
b. WBC cast
May be caused by proteinuria due to nephrotic syndrome.
a. RBC cast
b. WBC cast
c. Lipid cast
d. Hyalin cast
c. Lipid cast
May be due to dehydration or excessive diuresis.
a. RBC cast
b. WBC cast
c. Lipid cast
d. Hyalin cast
d. Hyalin cast
WBC in urine which indicate infection.
a. Protenuria
b. Glucosuria
c. Hematuria
d. Renal Casts
e. Pyuria
e. Pyuria
Black appearance of stool which indicates upper GI bleeding.
a. Melena
b. Hematochezia
c. Steatorrhea
a. Melena
Red streaks in stool which indicates lower GI Bleed.
a. Melena
b. Hematochezia
c. Steatorrhea
b. Hematochezia
Gray appearance of stool indicating fat malabsorption.
a. Melena
b. Hematochezia
c. Steatorrhea
c. Steatorrhea
Normal RBC in males.
a. 4.3-5.9 million /microliter
b. 3.5-5 million /microliter
a. 4.3-5.9 million /microliter
Normal RBC in females.
a. 4.3-5.9 million /microliter
b. 3.5-5 million /microliter
b. 3.5-5 million /microliter
%RBC in the blood.
a. RBC
b. Hematocrit
c. Hemoglobin
d. Reticulocyte
e. RBC indices
b. Hematocrit
Normal hematocrit in males.
a. 42-52%
b. 37-47%
a. 42-52%
Normal hematocrit in females.
a. 42-52%
b. 37-47%
b. 37-47%
Hematocrit during dehydration.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
a. Increased
Hematocrit during polycythemia.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
a. Increased
Polycythemia - high number of red blood cells
Hematocrit during overhydration.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
b. Decreased
Hematocrit during anemia.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
b. Decreased
Hemoglobin of patient with sickle cell anemia.
a. HbA
b. HbF
c. HbS
d. HbC
c. HbS
HbA - adult hemoglobin
HbF - fetal hemoglobin
HbC - another abnormal hemoglobin (disease)
Normal hemoglobin in males:
a. 13-18%
b. 12-16%
a. 13-18%
Normal hemoglobin in females:
a. 13-18%
b. 12-16%
b. 12-16%
Wintrobe's.
a. RBC
b. Hematocrit
c. Hemoglobin
d. Reticulocyte
e. RBC indices
e. RBC indices
RBC indices include:
a. Mean Corpuscular Volume
b. Mean Cell Hemoglobin oncentration
c. Mean Cell Hemoglobin
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
f. All
Normal Mean Corpuscular Volume:
a. 80-100
b. <80
c. >100
a. 80-100
Mean Corpuscular Volume indicating microcytic cell:
a. 80-100
b. <80
c. >100
b. <80
Mean Corpuscular Volume indicating macrocytic cell:
a. 80-100
b. <80
c. >100
c. >100
Normal Mean Cell Hemoglobin.
a. 26-34
b. 31-37
a. 26-34
Normal Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration.
a. 26-34
b. 31-37
c. <31
d. >37
b. 31-37
Hypochromic:
a. 26-34
b. 31-37
c. <31
d. >37
Hyperchromic:
a. 26-34
b. 31-37
c. <31
d. >37
d. >37
Immature RBCs.
a. RBC
b. Hematocrit
c. Hemoglobin
d. Reticulocyte
e. RBC indices
d. Reticulocyte
Reticulocyte count in hemolysis or blood loss.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
a. Increased
Normal WBC:
a. 4000-11000 cell/mcL
b. 5000-1100 cell/mcL
a. 4000-11000 cell/mcL
WBC include the following except:
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
f. None
f. None
Increased in bacterial infection and necrosis.
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
a. Neutrophils
Increased in viral infection.
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
b. Lymphocytes
Increased in TB and endocarditis.
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
c. Monocytes
Increased in parasitic infection and acute allergic reactions.
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
d. Eosinophils
Increased in leukemia and hypersensitivity reactions.
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
e. Basophils
Decreased in fungal infection and inflammation.
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
a. Neutrophils
Decrease in debilitating infection, AIDs.
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
b. Lymphocytes
50-70% of WBC.
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
a. Neutrophils
20-40% of WBC
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophils
e. Basophils
b. Lymphocytes
Normal platelets:
a. 4000-11000 cell/mcL
b. 5000-1100 cell/mcL
c. 150,000-300,000 cell/mcL
d. 200,000-400,000 cell/mcL
c. 150,000-300,000 cell/mcL
Platelets in anemia.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
a. Increased
Platelets in viral infection especially of the flaviviruses.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
b. Decreased
Flaviruses include Dengue Virus, Chikungunya Virus
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate during inflammation and infection.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
a. Increased
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate during necrosis and malignancy.
a. Increased
b. Decreased
b. Decreased
Monitoring for heparin use and reflects the intrinsic pathway of clotting.
a. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
b. Prothrombin Time (PT)
a. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
Normal Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT):
a. 20-30 seconds
b. 30-40 seconds
b. 30-40 seconds
Decrease in APTT cause:
a. Clotting
b. Bleeding
a. Clotting
Monitoring of warfarin and reflects the extrinsic pathway of clotting.
a. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
b. Prothrombin Time (PT)
b. Prothrombin Time (PT)
Normal Prothrombin Time (PT).
a. 11-13.5
b. 2-3
a. 11-13.5
Normal Prothrombin International Normalized Ratio (INR) during warfarin therapy.
a. 11-13.5
b. 2-3
c. 2.5-3.5
b. 2-3
Normal Prothrombin International Normalized Ratio (INR) in patient with prosthetic heart valves.
a. 11-13.5
b. 2-3
c. 2.5-3.5
c. 2.5-3.5
High PT International Normalized Ratio (INR) will lead to:
a. Clotting
b. Bleeding
b. Bleeding
Hematopoiesis is the synthesis of all cellular blood components which involve which organs?
a. Bone marrow
b. Spleen
c. Both
d. None of these
c. Both
Essential hormones and vitamins for hematopoiesis.
a. Fe2+
b. B6, B9, B12
c. Erythropoietin
d. a and c
e. All
e. All
Vitamin B essential for hematopoiesis except:
a. B5
b. B6
c. B9
d. B12
e. None
a. B5
Erythropoietin is produced in the:
a. Spleen
b. Liver
c. Kidney
d. Hypothalamus
c. Kidney
Thrombopoietin is produced in the:
a. Spleen
b. Liver
c. Kidney
d. Hypothalamus
b. Liver
Important in decarboxylation.
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
Important for redox reactions.
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
f. Two of these
f. Two of these
Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
Vitamin B3: Niacin
Important for CoA.
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
Important for transamination.
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
Important in carboxylation.
a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
Vitamin H.
a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
Important in 1C transfer.
a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
Important in metabolism of odd numbered C fatty acids.
a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
Important in heme synthesis.
a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
Deficiency in this vitamin lead to cheilosis.
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
Deficiency in this vitamin lead to Beri-beri.
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
Deficiency in this vitamin lead to Pellagra (Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia).
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
Deficiency in this vitamin lead to Burning Foot Syndrome.
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
Deficiency in this vitamin lead to peripheral neuropathy.
a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
c. Vitamin B3: Niacin
d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
Deficiency in this vitamin lead to alopecia.
a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
Deficiency in this vitamin lead to anemia in adults and spina bifida in fetus.
a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
Deficiency in this vitamin lead to megaloblastic anemia.
a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
b. Vitamin B7: Biotin
c. Vitamin B9: Folate
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
Anemia caused by deficiency in vitamin B9 and B12.
a. Macrocytic
b. Microcytic
c. Normocytic
a. Macrocytic
Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
a. Macrocytic
b. Microcytic
c. Normocytic
b. Microcytic
Anemia caused by iron deficiency.
a. Macrocytic
b. Microcytic
c. Normocytic
b. Microcytic
Anemia caused by CKD, hemolysis, or blood loss.
a. Macrocytic
b. Microcytic
c. Normocytic
c. Normocytic
Aplastic anemia.
a. Macrocytic
b. Microcytic
c. Normocytic
c. Normocytic
Anemia can be due to the following except:
a. Hypoproliferation of RBC
b. Defective nuclear maturation of RBC
c. Increased destruction of RBC
d. Abnormal production of RBC
e. None
e. None
RBC hypoproliferation may be due to tue following except:
a. Bone marrow failure
b. Renal failure
c. Iron deficiency
d. Inflammatory block in chronic diseases
e. None
e. None
Chloramphenicol and phenylbutazone may lead to:
a. Bone marrow failure
b. Renal failure
c. Iron deficiency
d. Inflammatory block in chronic diseases
a. Bone marrow failure
Causes aplastic anemia due to nitroreduction.
a. Chloramphenicol
b. Phenylbutazone
a. Chloramphenicol
Causes pancytopenia or loss of all components of blood.
a. Chloramphenicol
b. Phenylbutazone
b. Phenylbutazone
Most sensitive marker of Fe deficiecy
a. Hemoglobin
b. Ferritin
c. Transferrin
d. Erythropoietin
b. Ferritin
Defective nuclear maturation may be due to:
a. Folate deficiency
b. B12 deficiency
c. Fe deficiency
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. All
d. a and b
Folate deficiency
B12 deficiency
Decrease intrinsic factor.
a. Megaloblastic anemia
b. Pernicious anemia
b. Pernicious anemia
B12 deficiency.
a. Megaloblastic anemia
b. Pernicious anemia
a. Megaloblastic anemia
Autoimmune disease attacking parietal cells.
a. Megaloblastic anemia
b. Pernicious anemia
b. Pernicious anemia
Increased destruction of RBC may be due to:
a. G6PD Deficiency
b. Autoimmune disease
c. Both of these
d. None of these
c. Both of these
Note 
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