ESC100

Geology is the scientific study of \_____.
the Earth
fossils
rocks
living things

the earth

The scientist who writes up a scientific report is generally the best judge of whether or not it represents quality work and is a significant new finding.
True
False

false

Scientists describe plate tectonics as a theory. This means it is merely an educated guess

and any other explanation for the distribution of volcanoes

The two broad branches of geology are physical geology and \______ geology.
historical
spiritual
chemical
metaphysica

historical

The water of the oceans

ice

Interactions are common between the atmosphere and hydrosphere

but there are no known interactions between the geosphere and the hydrosphere.
True
False

Nitrogen is common in the atmosphere

but far more rare in the geosphere. Thankfully for us and other life

By far

the greatest amount of water is in \_____.
oceans
streams
clouds
glacial ice

The Earth is \_____.
a bit wider at the equator than at the poles
All of these are correct.
roughly spherical
approximately 6

371 km in radius

Chemically

the solid Earth is divided into three layers

Which type of rock forms through the solidification of hot

molten (liquid) rock?
metamorphic
No answer text provided.
igneous
sedimentary

If a rock is subjected to heat and stress

causing its constituent atoms to break down and reorganize without melting the rock

Materials in metamorphic rocks can melt to later form magmas and then igneous rocks

but they could never go on to form a sedimentary rock.
True
False

Which of the following is NOT a branch of Earth science?
meteorology
astronomy
astrology
oceanography

astrology

Hurricanes are most typically studied by oceanographers and which other Earth scientists?
astronomers
geologists
meteorologists

meteorologist

Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)?
calcite
quartz
diamond
olivine

quartz

A cubic centimeter of quartz

olivine

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?
carbon
sodium
oxygen
chlorine

oxygen

The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by \________.
4 sodium ions
4 oxygen ions
6 sodium ions
6 oxygen ions

4 oxygen ions

Graphite and diamond have the same chemical compositions

but different crystalline structures.
true
false

Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?
muscovite
augite
orthoclase
olivine

muscovite

All silicate minerals contain which two elements?
oxygen

carbon
silicon

Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?
3-D framework
sheet
double chains
metallic

double chains

What mineral is the hardest on the Mohs scale of hardness?
native gold
muscovite
diamond
silicate

diamond

Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
hematite
halite
muscovite
calcite

muscovite

Which of the following will react readily with weak hydrochloric acid?
diamond
quartz
calcite

calcite

Which of the following describes the quality of light passing through and reflecting and from a mineral?
fluorescence
luster
virtual absorption
color streak

luster

The terms "rock" and "mineral" have the same meaning.
true
false

false

Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals.
true
false

true

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth

parallel planes is known as \________.
streak
cleavage
crystal form
cracking luster

Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust?
sulfides
chlorides
silicates
carbonates

silicates

The micas

biotite and muscovite

Which one of the following is not true for minerals?
they can be identified by characteristic physical properties
they have a specific

predictable chemical composition
they have a specific

The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series are those found in igneous rocks with a \________ composition.
ultramafic
intermediate
mafic
felsic

felsic

A(n) \________ texture would be most unlikely to occur in an extrusive igneous rock.
glassy
fine-grained
pyroclastic
coarse-grained

coarse-grained

Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of gabbro.
true
false

true

The sizes

shapes

\________ is a volcanic rock with a vesicular texture.
Obsidian
Pumice
Tuff
Pegmatite

pumice

Which of these rocks has the coarsest mineral grains?
Obsidian
Basalt
Granite
Pumice

granite

Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit fine-grained texture?
andesite

diorite
rhyolite

Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are abundantly found in a \________.
basalt
gabbro
granite
rhyolite

granite

\________ is composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene. It is said to possess an ultramafic chemistry and is the most abundant rock of the mantle of the Earth.
Rhyolite
Peridotite
Andesite
Granite

peridotite

\________ is named for a prominent

volcanic mountain range in western South America.
Andesite
Pegmatite
Peridotite
Basalt

When a large volume of crystals solidify and sink out of a body of magma

the chemistry of the remaining magma will now be \________ compared with what the chemistry was previously.
more felsic
more magic
the same as

A \________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid.
phenocryst
xenocryst
porphyrocryst
vesicle

vesicle

Most lava crystallizes to form igneous rocks with coarse-grained textures.
true
false

false

Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why?
the extrusive magma

because it is deep below the surface

\________ has the same mineral composition as andesite.
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Basalt

dioritte

Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica (SiO2) content and the greatest amount of iron and magnesium?
granite
basalt
andesite
peridotite

peridotite

Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series?
quartz
muscovite
biotite
olivine

olivine

Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow.
true
false

true

Coal beds are derived from plants that lived in \________.
channels of fast-moving streams
freshwater coastal swamps and bogs
shallow lakes in a dry

desert region
deep

Clay and muddy sediments lithify to form shales and mudstones.
true
false

true

Which one of the following is a detrital sedimentary rock?
rock gypsum
coal
fossiliferous limestone
shale

shale

Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams?
mudstone
oolitic limestone
conglomerate
greywacke

conglomerate

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to clastic particle size

chemical sedimentary rocks are named according to the most abundant minerals.
true
false

true

Which type of limestone consists mainly of tiny

marine fossils composed of calcite?
dolostone
chalk
chert
coquina

Which of the following detrital sedimentary rocks is made of the finest grains?
sandstone
conglomerate
breccia
shale

shale

\________ cement produces tan to orange colors in some sandstone.
Calcite
Quartz
Clay
Iron oxid

iron oxide

Which of the following is not a type of limestone?
coquina
arkose
chalk
travertine

arkose

\________ is the most common mineral in sandstones.
Orthoclase
Calcite
Biotite
Quartz

quartz

Which of the following sedimentary features can each be used to determine paleocurrent directions?
mud cracks
grain size sorting
current ripple marks

current ripple marks

What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia?
breccia clasts are the size of baseballs

conglomerate clasts are larger
a breccia is well stratified

a conglomerate is poorly stratified
breccia has a compacted

clay-rich matrix

conglomerate has no matrix
breccia clasts are angular

conglomerate clasts are rounded

breccia clasts are angular

conglomerate clasts are rounded

chert is a microcrystalline form of the mineral \________.
hematite
calcite
quartz
halite

quartz

Compaction of sediment tends to \_____.
increase the volume of pore space
cause the mineral grains to become widely separated
reduce the volume of pore space
occur before burial

reduce the volume of pore space

\________ is a sandstone that contains abundant potassium feldspar

suggesting that the sand was derived by weathering and erosion of granitic bedrock.
Oolite
Arkose
Quartz sandstone
Lignite

hich of the following rocks is foliated?
Slate
Quartzite
Marble
Hornfels

slate

Foliated metamorphic rocks are composed largely of equidimensional grains of minerals such as quartz and calcite.
true
false

false

Calcite is the primary mineral in the metamorphic rock marble.
true
false

true

\________ is a nonfoliated rock formed by metamorphism of a sandstone.
Schist
Quartzite
Marble
Gneiss

quartzite

Which metamorphic rock consists mostly parallel

aligned

Rock cleavage in slates (slaty cleavage) is largely a consequence of abundant

parallel-aligned

\_______ is a planar fabric in a metamorphic rock due to a preferred alignment of platy or elongate mineral grains.
Marbleizing
Rock cleavage
Stress streaking
Foliation

foliation

Of the following four rocks

which forms at the highest temperatures?
schist
slate
phyllite
gneiss

Which of the following statements concerning slate is not true?
forms from shales and mudstones
has abundant

coarse-grained mica
rock cleavage is common
sedimentary features may be visible

Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism?
schist

slate

\________ is characterized by the separation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands.
Quartzite
Garnet hornfels
Slate
Correct! Granitic gneiss

granitic gneiss

A \________ volcano is a very large

gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows.
shield
stratospheric
composite
cinder cone

Which set of magma conditions produces the most explosive eruptions?
Low silica content and low viscosity
High viscosity and dissolved gas
Low viscosity and low dissolved gas content
High viscosity and low dissolved gas content

high viscosity and dissolved gas

Stratovolcanoes (composite cones) are built of lava and ash derive from \________ magma.
ultramafic
basaltic
rhyolitic
andesitic

andestic

Kilauea and Mauna Loa are \________.
explosive

rhyolitic volcanoes
small

Crater Lake in Oregon actually occupies a volcanic caldera.
true
false

true

The viscosities of magmas increase with increasing silica content.
true
false

true

The addition of water can lower partial melting temperatures in silicate rocks.
true
false

true

Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier are examples of \________.
stratovolcanoes (composite cones)
basaltic cinder cones
basaltic shield volcanoes
super volcanoes

stratovolcanoes (composite cones)

Basaltic lavas are generally both hotter and more viscous than andesitic lavas.
true
false

false

\________ destroyed the city of St. Pierre

Martinique in 1902 and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii in 79.
Pyroclastic flows
Basaltic lava flows
Mudflows
Heavy ashfall

\________ are the most abundant gases emitted by volcanoes.
Neon and ammonia
Oxygen and nitrogen
Chlorine and sodium
Water vapor and carbon dioxide

Water vapor and carbon dioxide

The majority of the Earth's subduction zones are found in and around the \________ Ocean basin.
Atlantic
Arctic
Pacific
Indian

Pacific

Which type of volcano is the largest in area?shield volcano
composite cone
cinder cone
lava dome

shield volcano

Which type of volcano typically has formed from a single eruption?
cinder cone
shield volcano
composite cone

cinder cone

Hazards of volcanoes include the gas \____

which was responsible for more than a thousand deaths at Lake Nyos

The most dangerous hazard that volcanoes produce is \____.
pyroclastic flows
lava flows
ash fall
sulfur dioxide gas

pyroclastic flows

Deep-oceanic trenches are most abundant around the rim of the \________ Ocean basin.
Arctic
Pacific
Indian
Atlantic

Pacific