WHAP Chapter 39

1. Be familiar w/ the murder of Gandhi.

-Gandhi stressed that the caste system should be abolished, that religious intolerance between Hindus and Muslims cease

-distraught over India's partition

-had weakened himself after independence through fasts and hunger strikes staged as satyagraha or soul force protests

-assassinated by the Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse

2. Be familiar w/ significance of Gandhi's Murder:

1. Enshrinement of Rel. tolerance/nonviolence

2. Discredit Hindu extremism

3. Perils of independence & national unity following WWII

4. Becomes mythic hero

3. What contributed to global transformation after WWII?

decolonization

4. What 2 developments reshaped the world in the late 20th C.?

the cold war and the end of empire

5. True or False: The 2 superpowers (United States/Soviet Union) were dedicated to the overthrow of empire. -P

true

6. True or False: Very little pressure was place on emerging countries to choose between capitalism and communism.

false

7. How many nations gained independence between WWII and 1980?-P

more than 90

8. What two countries gained their independence in 1947?

India and Pakistan

9. When did Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia) gain its independence?

1980

10. What North African country fought a long hard war against the French for freedom?

Algeria

11. T or F: Latin American countries found it easy to achieve political stability free from US/European interference.

false

12. What country put an end to white rule after years of political fighting and negotiations?

South Africa

13. What was irrepressible in the wake of (Following) WWII?

the power of Asian nationalism

14. Who rallied their people against colonialism and imperialism?

Asian nationalists

15. Who granted numerous reforms in the 1930s in response to the campaign of Gandhi & the Congress Party?

Great Britain

16. What Br leader despised Gandhi & vowed never to preside over the dismantling of the Br empire?

Winston Churchill

17. What made it unrealistic for Br to continue to maintain empire in India?

the economic devastation of the war

18. What issue grew in importance as Indian independence drew nearer?

Muslim separatism

19. What did Muslims fear in a free India dominated by Hindus?

their minority status

20. Who was the leader of the Muslim League?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)

21. What is communalism?

emphasizing religion over national identity

22. How many persons died in the Day of Direct Action (was supposed to only be a demonstration)?

6K

23. What did Jinnah state was the only solution to India's problem?

Pakistan

24. What two men were sickened by the prospect of a partitioned India?

Gandhi and Nehru

25. True or False: Gandhi predicted the "vivisection" on India would be violent.

true

26. How many refugees journeyed from India to Pakistan (and visa versa)?

10 million

27. How many people died in violence during this migration?

between half a million to 1 million people

28. What did Gandhi do in order to quell the violence between Hindus and Muslims?

measures including hunger strikes

29. What province did India and Pakistan fight over in 1947?

Kashmir

30. True or False: Nehru was able to garner (gain) aid from both the US and the Soviet Union.

true

31. True or False: India's independence encouraged anti-imperialist movements throughout Asia and Africa.

true

32. What 2 countries like Canada became Dominion members of the British Commonwealth?

India and Pakistan

33. Who was an impassioned defender of nonalignment?

Nehru

34. Know that nonalignment referred to...

countries not taking sides with the superpower in the Cold War

35. What was the name of the conference that discussed nonalignment in 1955?

the Bandung Conference

36. What two things did the Bandung Conference struggle against?

-neutrality in the Cold War

-the struggle against colonialism and racism

37. What was the primary goal of the nonalignment movement?

to maintain formal neutrality

38. What country clearly supported the US? Supported the Soviet Union?

-the Philippines

-Cuba

39. What country became enmeshed in the Cold War in its struggle for independence?

Vietnam

40. What Vietnamese communist leader led the struggle against French colonial control?

Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)

41. Be familiar how Fr. tried to reclaim their world power status through maintaining control of its colonies.

-Fr. took S. Vietnam & took N. Vietnam with the brutal bombing of Hanoi.

-Ho Chi Minh simply continued the guerilla fight in the countryside.

-Fr. finally sued for peace after losing their fortress in Dienbienphu (1954)

42. At what parallel was Vietnam divided? Who received N. Vietnam?

-the 17th parallel

-Ho Chi Minh and the communist forces

43. What part of Vietnam did the non-communists control (with US support)?

South Vietnam

44. What eventually happens to the U.S in the Vietnam War?

they will be unsuccessful at containing communism in Vietnam, & US troops will leave in 1973

45. Where will Arabs have little difficulty freeing themselves from Fr & Br after WWII?

southwest Asia (with the exception of Palestine)

46. What Arab country had almost complete autonomy from Britain before WWII? What 4 Arab countries will gain independence after WWII?

-Egypt

-Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan

47. Why would the superpowers continue to interfere in SW Asia?

they were drawn by its vast reserves of oil, the lifeblood of the cold war's military-industrial complexes

48. What country had mandate power in Palestine?

Great Britain

49. What were Jews attempting to avoid as they migrated to Palestine to establish a secure homeland?

persecution

50. Identify the Balfour Declaration.

a declaration by the British government where they committed themselves to the support of a homeland for Jews in Palestine

51. Who were dedicated to combating violent anti-Semitism by establishing a national Jewish state?

Zionists

52. True or False: The British never promised to protect Palestinian Arabs' political and economic rights.

false

53. True or False: The British were successful at balancing the causes of Jews and Arabs in Palestine.

false

54. What did Arab resentment in the 1920/1930s against the British/Jews result in?

anti-Jewish riots and demonstrations

55. What did Arab states around Palestine oppose (at the end of WWID?

the possibility of a Jewish state in Palestine

56. What event during WWII intensified Jewish commitment to build a state in Palestine?

the Holocaust

57. What country gave up on the demands of the Jews/Arabs in 1947? *Turned authority to the UN.

Great Britain

58. What did the UN General Assembly propose to solve the problem?

the idea to divide Palestine into 2 states, one Arab and the other Jewish

59. What did the Jews proclaim in May 1948?

the creation of the independent state of Israel

60. What 4 countries responded to this by declaring war on Israel?

Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq

61. True or False: Since the Arab states outnumbered Israel they were able to defeat Israel with ease.

false

62. True or False: Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs fled Palestine following the war with Israel.

true

62. What leader took over Egypt in a bloodless coup & made Egypt a leader of pan-Arab nationalism?

Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970)

63. Know how Nasser adopted nonalignment as did Nehru in India. He will use neutralism in the Cold War togain assistance from US and the Soviet Union. He was dedicated to ridding Egypt & Arab world of imperial rule.

~

64. What country did Nasser give aid to in their war against the French?

Algeria

65. What canal did Nasser nationalize? (Egypt took over from the British.).

the Suez Canal

66. What did Nasser build with money collected from the Suez Canal? What countries wrested control of the Suez Canal from Egypt? What country (maybe surprisingly) condemned the attack and forced these countries to withdraw?

-to finance construction of a massive dam of the Nile River at Aswan

-Britain, France, and Israel

-the US

67. What man gained tremendous prestige by nationalizing and defending the Suez Canal?

Nasser

68. Why did the superpowers vie for the favor of Arab states?

because of the strategic importance of oil

69. What complicated the decolonization process in Africa?

-the superpowers' (US and USSR) influence intensifying

-internal divisions in African societies

70. What type of divides were exploited by colonial rulers?

tribal, ethnic, religious, and linguistic divides

71. Where did independence come more slowly among the regions of the world?

Africa

72. What European country resisted decolonization in SE Asia and in Africa?

France

73. Who gained their independence in the "Year of Africa" (1960)?

17 African countries

74. Be familiar with why France did not want to give up Algeria.

-2 million French settlers live there, and France didn't want to give it up.

-The Algerian Revolt began when rioting at Setif turned into a meleekilling more 8000 Algerian Muslims and only 100 French. The actual Algerian War will begin in 1954. The FLN will fight a guerilla war in the countryside.

-France will send a half million soldiers by 1958.

75. After hundreds of thousands of Algerians die by the war's end, when would Algeria gain its independence?

1962

76. What man wrote literature that encouraged the use of violence to overcome racial degradation?

Frantz Fanon (1925-1961)

77. What did African nationalists celebrate through poetry/writing?

the Negritude(Blackness) movement

78. What did the Negritude movement revive?

Africa's great traditions and cultures

Be familiar with how the Negritude movement encouraged...

demonstrations for independence and supported workers' strikes against oppressive labor practices.

*Even churches got involved in anticolonial agitation.

80. Why did imperial powers plan for a slow transition to independence in Africa? *Lose 5 points if skipped.

they assumed that black Africans were incapable of self-government

81. List 3 things that hampered post independence national building. (Hint: War, instability, & divisiveness). *5 points

-the outbreak of civil war (as in Rwanda, Burundi, and Angola)

-economic instability

-political and ethnic divisiveness

82. True or False African nations adopted new names that drew from the glory of Africa's past empires such as Ghana.

true

83. What was the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain its independence? What year?

Ghana, in 1957

84. What leader from Ghana became a persuasive spokesperson for pan-African unity?

Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972)

85. True or False: The new African leaders would continue to dress European clothing.

false

86. True or False: The independence movement in Kenya was nonviolent just like in Ghana.

false

87. What two groups violently clashed with each other in Kenya?

powerful white settlers and nationalists

88. What African tribe made up the largest ethnic group in Kenya?

the Kikuyu

89. What did the British govt label the militant African nationalists?

Mau Mau subversives or communists

90. What had the white settlers done to the Kikuyu in the 1930s & 1940s? This caused great resentment. 5 Points

they pushed them off the most fertile highland areas and reduced them to the status of wage slaves or relegated them to overcrowded "tribal reserves"

91. In the British attempt to suppress nationalist groups what nationalist leader did they jail?

Jomo Kenyatta (1895-1978)

92. True or False: In spite of large casualties (12,000 Africans killed by 1956) the Kikuyu fighters continued to fight for their independence against the white settlers and the British government.

true

93. When did Kenya finally gain its independence from Britain?

1963

94. True or False: Former colonial powers and superpowers impede progress in developing nations.

true

95. What 2 countries developed functioning democracies despite racial/religious divides?

South Africa and India

96. Except for Japan/India, what pol. systems did developing nations in Asia adopt?

authoritarian or militarist political systems

97. Who reunified China for the first time since the collapse of the Qin dynasty?

Mao Zedong

98. What program did Mao develop to overtake the industrial production of developed nations?

the Great Leap Forward

99. What did Mao do to all the land/businesses under the Great Leap Forward?

-collectivize all land

-manage all businesses and industrial enterprises collectively