Socio Cultural Influences

What are the 5 social groups?

- gender
- age
- disability
- family/friends/peers
- ethnicity (race/religion)

What are factors affecting participation?

- attitudes
- role models
- accessibility (to facilities/clubs/activities)
- media coverage
- sexism/stereotyping
- culture/religion/religious festivals
- family/friends
- available leisure time
- familiarity
- education
- disposable income

Commercialisation

when a new product/service is introduced into the general market

What is the golden triangle?

the financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and media

Sponsorship

when a company pays money to a team/individual in return for advertising their goods

Types of sponsorship

- financial
- clothing/equipment
- facilities

Media

ways of mass communication

Types of media

- TV
- radio
- press
- internet
- social media

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Performers

- higher wages
- performers become role models
- more ££ for better coaching

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Performers

- more pressure reduces enjoyment
- media duties disrupt training
- media scrutiny can mean online abuse
- more competitions mean more training

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Officials

- officials become role models
- more ££ means role is more professional

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Officials

- mistakes are public
- increased pressure to make right decisions

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Sport

- more interest and participation
- pays for coaching and talent development
- gives sport a high status
- generates revenue

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Sport

- sponsorship can be easily withdrawn
- sponsors can bring bad image
- performers can be exploited to suit sponsor

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Spectators

- commentary educates viewers
- spectators can easily watch on TV
- more competitions = more opportunities to watch live
- media provides info about results + fixtures

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Spectators

- PPV is expensive
- more people stay at home to watch TV
- more popular it gets, harder to get tickets

Positive impacts of Commercialisation on Sponsors

- brand is linked to positive performer
- brand is advertised to wide audience

Negative impacts of Commercialisation on Sponsors

- if sponsor is linked to scandalous brand, this affects their brand image

Positive impacts of Technology on Performers

- performance analysis aids can help to improve performance
- can use tech to ask officials to review decisions

Negative impacts of Technology on Performers

- expensive
- too many reviews disrupt play

Positive impacts of Technology on Sport

- guarantees correct decisions are made
- fairer competitions

Negative impacts of Technology on Sport

too many review disrupt play, annoying performers, officials and spectators

Positive impacts of Technology on Officials

- provides help
- less criticism of officials
- can communicate with each other
- confirms correct decisions

Negative impacts of Technology on Officials

- undermines officials if a poor decision is flagged up and broadcast
- may become over-reliant on tech

Positive impacts of Technology on Sponsors

ensures fair play and good image for sport, reflecting well on sponsor

Negative impacts of Technology on Sponsors

not available at every level of sports

Positive impacts of Technology on Spectators

- confidence that decisions are fair
- can see how decisions are made
- review process adds to tension

Negative impacts of Technology on Spectators

- cause unrest if decisions aren't reviewed
- causes problems if official makes bad decisions

Etiquette

the unwritten rules of sports behaviour

Gamesmanship

stretching the rules to gain an unfair advantage

Sportsmanship

conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport

Contract to compete

unwritten agreement to follow the written and unwritten rules

Types of PEDs

- stimulants
- narcotic analgesics
- anabolic agents
- peptide hormones (EPO)
- diuretics

Positives of PEDs

- increases chance of success
- leads to fame
- may lead to level playing field

What is blood doping?

- removing blood a few weeks before competition

- blood is frozen and re-injected just before competition

How does blood doping help performers?

- increased red blood cell count

- increased oxygen carrying capacity of cells

- more aerobic respiration can occur

Side effects of blood doping

- viscous blood
- infection
- heart attack
- embolism (blockage of vessel)

What do beta blockers do?

- reduces heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure

- reduce the effects of adrenaline

- improve fine control/preciseness

Side effects of beta blockers

- nausea
- weakness
- heart problems

Advantages for performer of taking PEDs

- increased chances of success

- fame + wealth

- could create level playing field

Disadvantages for performer of taking PEDs

- cheating/immoral
- health risks
- fines + bans
- reputational damage

Disadvantages of performers taking PEDs to the sport

ruins sports' reputation and credibility

Positives of spectators at matches

- creates atmosphere

- home-field advantage (for home team/ individuals)

Negatives of spectators at matches

- increased pressure on performers

- crowd trouble/hooliganism

- safety costs/concerns

Reasons for hoolinganism

- rivalries
- hype
- fuelled by alcohol/drugs
- gang culture
- frustration (eg at official's decisions)
- display of masculinity

How is hooliganism prevented?

- early kick-offs
- all-seater stadia
- segregation of fans
- improved security
- alcohol restrictions
- travel restrictions/banning orders
- promotional campaigns and high profile endorsements