Electric charge

Gravitational Force

• The force of attraction between two

objects with mass.

• Example: When you drop a ball, it falls to the

ground due to Earth's gravity.

Electromagnetic Force

• The force between charged particles.

• Example: A magnet attracting a paperclip or the repulsion between two like-charged objects.

Strong Nuclear Force

• The force that holds protons and neutrons together in an

atomic nucleus, preventing them from flying apart due to

repulsive electrical forces.

Example:

The nucleus of an atom staying intact despite the protons

repelling each other.

Weak Nuclear Force

• A force responsible for certain types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay, which changes a neutron into a proton or vice versa.

Example:

The Sun produces energy through nuclear fusion, where

weak nuclear force plays a role in converting protons into

neutrons.

Static Electricity

• It is a stationary electrical charge that is built-up on the surface of any material. It is the result of an imbalance between electric charges.

• The word electricity comes from the Greek word “elektron” which means amber and is coined by English physician, William Gilbert

Example Situations:

● Rubbing a balloon on your hair

● Shocking someone after walking on a carpet

● Clothes sticking together in the dryer

Charging by Friction

• One process to charge an object is through friction or known as “triboelectric effect”. It refers to the transfer of electrons from one object to another when both objects are rubbed together.

Triboelectric Effect

• Tends to occur when both objects are electrically insulating, meaning the electrons cannot flow freely.

Triboelectric Series

• List that ranks materials according to their

  tendency to gain or lose electrons or what we called,

  “electronegativity”.

Induced Charges

• Another process to charge a neutral object is through

  conduction and induction.

Charging by Conduction (Direct Contact)

• When a charged object touches a neutral object,

  electrons transfer between them, making both

  objects charged.

Charging by Induction (Without Contact)

• When a charged object is brought close to a neutral

  object, it causes a temporary charge separation

  without direct contact. If the neutral object is then

  grounded, it becomes permanently charged.

Guillaume du Fay

• In 1700, a French chemist discovered that there were two different types of electricity.

resinous electricity

• When amber was rubbed with wool

vitreous electricity

• When a glass was rubbed with silk

Electrons

• coined by George Stoney and discovered by J.J. Thomson

Protons

• coined and discovered by Ernest Rutherford.

Law of Conservation of Charge

• “The net amount of electric charge

  produced in the process is zero” or “no

  net electric charge can be created nor

  destroyed

Conductors

- allow charges to move through them freely

- current flows easily

- charges may re-arrange themselves

Examples:

Silver, Gold, Copper, Steel, Sea Water

Insulators

- hold charges almost in fixed position

- current will not flow

- charges cannot re-arrange

Examples:

Rubber, Glass, Diamond, Drywood, Oil

Semiconductors

- Conductivity is like those of conductors and

insulators.