oth 520/521- FAOT ch. 2 (essential nervous system)

endoneurium

in the PNS each axon is wrapped in this connective tissue sheath

perineurium

bundles of axons are wrapped in groups (fascicles) and then surrounded by this connective tissue sheath

epineurium

groups of fascicles together wrapped in this connective tissue sheath

afferent neurons

sensory info toward CNS

efferent neurons

motor impulses away from CNS

brain (CNS)

receives and processes sensory info, plans and initiates motor responses, regulates body systems, analyzes, and stores memories

spinal cord (CNS)

conducts signals to and from the brain and controls certain reflexes

motor neurons (PNS)

transmit efferent info from CNS to muscles and glands

sensory neurons

transmit afferent info from sensory receptors to CNS

autonomic nervous system (peripheral nervous system)

regulates involuntary functions of body

sympathetic nervous system (autonomic nervous system)

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system (autonomic nervous system)

rest and digest

somatic nervous system (peripheral nervous system)

transmit afferent info from sensory receptors to CNS

CN 1

olfactory. sensory. olfaction (smell)

CN 2

optic. sensory. vision

CN 3

oculomotor. motor. move eye up, down, medially (rectus muscle); raise eyelid; constrict pupil

CN 4

trochlear. motor. move eye down and medially (superior oblique muscle)

CN 5

trigeminal. both. mastication (masseter, temporalis, pterygoid); sensation to face and TMJ

CN 6

abducent. motor. abduct eye (lateral rectus)

CN 7

facial. both. facial expressions; taste (sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 tongue)

CN 8

vestibulocochlear. sensory. hearing; vestibular sense (head position relative to gravity)

CN 9

glossopharyngeal. both. swallowing; taste; salivation

CN 10

vagus. both. visceral regulation; speech

CN 11

spinal accessory. motor. scapular elevation (trapezius); rotation of head (sternocleidomastoid)

CN 12

hypoglossal. motor. tongue movement

spinal nerves

31 pairs. cervical (8). thoracic (12). lumbar (5). scaral (5). coccygeal (1)

27: t/f? all except the first pair of spinal nerves exits from the vertebral column through intervertebral foramen

27: true

are dorsal nerve roots sensory or motor

they are sensosry

are ventral nerve roots sensory or motor

they are motor

what do the dorsal rami innervate

skin and muscles of back

what do ventral rami innervate

ventral body wall and all parts of limbs

cervical plexus

central rami of C1 to C4 spinal nerves. terminal nerves that emerge from this plexus innervate the diaphragm and muscle of neck and provide sensory innervation to this region

brachial plexus

ventral rami of C5 to T1

thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)

tightness of these particular muscles or postural compromise may lead to compression of brachial plexus

axillary nerve

C5, C6. innervates deltoid and teres minor, which position and stabilize the shoulder for reaching

musculocutaneous nerve

C5, C6, C7. innervates several shoulder and elbow flexors essential for ADL and IADL function

radial nerve

C5 to T1. innerevates muscles that extend elbow wrist, fingers, and thumb which are essential for object manipulation and stable grasp. all of motor innervation of radial nerve occurs proximal to wrist

ulnar nerve

C8 and T1. innervates two muscles near elbow that flex wirst and fingers. supplies many of small muscles w/n hand (intrinsics) that are important for group and lateral (key) pinch

median nerve

C5 to T1. innervates key muscles that contribute to forearm pronation, finger flexion, and thumb motion. also supplies valuable sensory innervation of the radial aspect of the palm and fingers to guide precise fine motor control and pinch

lumbar plexus

L1 to L4. innervates many of muscles of pelvis and thigh that stabilize the body and contribute motion and strength to hip and knee for functional mobility

large femoral nerve

L2 to L4. innervates the iliacus and quadriceps femoris group as well as pectineus and sartorius

obturator never

L2 to L4. innervats the adductors of hip

sacral plexus

innervate muscles adj to plexus

sciatic nerve

L4 to S3. largest nerve in body. divides to form 2 distinct neves: tibial and common fibular. before separate at knee they innervate hamstrings and adductor magnus

tibial nerve

L4 to S3. passes directly down posterio leg to innervate gastrocnemius and soleus as well as other ankle plantar flexor muscles

common fibular nerve

L4 to S2. passes around anterior aspect lower leg to innervate ankle dorsiflexor and toe extensor muscles

structures of sympathetic nervous system

1. neve fibers arise from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

2. innervate organs, glands, and structures of head via cranial nerves

parasympathetic nervous system structures

1. nerve fibers arise from brainstem and sacral spinal cord

2. innervate organs, glands, and structures of head via cranial nerves

overview of sensorimotor process

1. primary sensory cortex: perceives and discriminates sensory info (location, quality, intensity)

2. secondary sensory cortex: recognizes specific sensation (object, environment, or person)

3. association cortex: connects sensory perception to prior memory, interprets meaning of sensation, and facilitates goal directed planning and use of sensation

4. motor planning areas: plans specific movements, sequence, and timing

5. primary motor cortex: executes planned motor response via efferent commands from cortex

which of following ADL taks would be most difficult with sensory loss of median nerve

buttoning top button of shirt

radial nerve impairment may results in which of the following

loss of active wrist and finger extension