Pediatric Growth & Development

Define Development

A qualitative increase in capability or function

In what directions does development occur?

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal

According to Erikson, infants are in what stage of development?

Trust vs. Mistrust

According to Erikson, most toddlers are in what stage of development?

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

According to Erikson, Preschoolers are in what stage of development?

Initiative vs. Guilt

According to Erikson, most school aged children are in what stage of development?

Industry vs Inferiority

According to Erikson, adolescents are in what stage of development?

Identity vs. Role Confusion

What do Child Life Specialists do for children in the medical system?

Provide emotional support and promote effective coping through play, preparation, education and self expression

What type of play do infants engage in?

Solitary

What type of play do toddlers engage in?

Imitative, Parallel play

What type of play do preschoolers engage in?

Cooperative Play, Dramatic Play (magical thinking)

What type of play do school age children engage in?

Cooperative Play & Competitive play

When should an infant display a social smile?

2 months

What infant reflex is ongoing after 6 months?

Babinski

When does the posterior fontanel close?

2-3 months

What direction does an infant roll over first? When does this occur?

Prone to supine. 4 months

When does an infant roll supine to prone?

5-6 months

An infant has binocular vision by this time (eyes focus bilaterally)

4 months

When does an infant double their birth weight?

5-6 months

When does an infant sit with support?

6 months

When should the testicles be descended?

6 months

When do teeth erupt?

6-8 months, often a lot of drool prior

When can an infant transfer objects hand to hand?

6-8 months

When should an infant be able to do 2 syllable babbling?

6-8 months

How does a 6-8 month old infant pick up objects?

Rake objects with hands

How does an 8-10 month old pick up objects?

Fine Pincer grasp

When are most newborn reflexes disappeared?

4-6 months

When are infants able to say 1 word?

8-10 months- mama or dada

When do infants learn 2-3 words and babble with pattern of speech?

10-12 months

When do infants triple their birth weight?

12 months

When do infants learn to walk?

12-15 months

When does the anterior fontanel close?

12-18 months

When is the head have more adult like proportion to the body?

3 years

When does object permanence develop?

8 months

When does puberty begin for females?

Approx 9 years

What are first signs of puberty in females?

Breast budding

What age does puberty begin for males?

10-11 years

What indicates end of puberty for males?

Ejaculation semen at high velocity

What indicates end of puberty for females?

Menarche

When does an infant raise chest and head when prone?

2-4 months

When does an infant pull to stand and cruise furniture?

10-12 months

What age does a child climb stairs with alternating feet?

Preschool

What age does a child ride a bicycle, jump rope?

School aged

What age can a child run, jump, kick a ball?

Toddler

A child at the end of what age group should have completely intelligible speech?

End of preschool

At what age can infants start eating solid food?

4-6 months

At what age can children start consuming cow's milk?

1 year

How does the nurse assess pain in a toddler?

FLACC scale

How does the nurse assess pain in the early school aged child?

Faces scale

At what age do children develop 'stranger danger'?

Approximately 8 months

Who should the nurse address when walking into the room of a toddler?

Parent or caregiver

What age group enjoys competition and games with rules?

School aged

What age groups value personal privacy in the hospital?

School aged and adolescents