Biology Exam Review - DNA, RNA, and Genetics

These flashcards cover key concepts in DNA, RNA, and genetics based on lecture notes for exam preparation.

The purpose of DNA replication includes __, growth, and tissue repair.

Reproduction

DNA is described as __ because it has one original strand and one daughter strand after replication.

semi-conservative

The role of __ is to unwind the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds.

helicase

__ is a specific process meant to amplify and make many copies of sections of DNA.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move towards the __ due to their negative charge.

anode

The leading strand is synthesized in a __ direction.

5' to 3'

The function of __ is to remove RNA primers at the end of replication and replace them with DNA nucleotides.

DNA polymerase I

During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a specific sequence called the __ on DNA.

promoter

In eukaryotic cells, introns are removed from pre-mRNA during __ modification.

post-transcriptional

The process of alternative splicing allows for the production of different __ from the same gene.

mRNA variants

The effect of mutations can lead to harmful __ that dramatically change protein structure or gene activity.

mutations

A cell that results from the fusion of gametes is called a __.

zygote

In meiosis, crossing over occurs during __ I.

Prophase

Haploid cells contain __ the number of chromosomes compared to diploid cells.

half

The __ cycle describes the series of phases a cell goes through as it grows and divides.

cell cycle

An oncogene is typically a mutated form of a __ that can lead to cancer.

proto-oncogene

The __ is the functional unit of heredity that is passed from parent to offspring.

gene

Hemophilia is a disorder linked to the __ chromosome.

X

The __ phenotype is expressed when two alleles are both present and contribute to the trait.

codominant

The capacity of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental conditions is termed __ plasticity.

phenotypic

The __ mutation occurs when one base is substituted for another which can change protein functionality.

missense

The __ is a DNA sequence that signals for the start and end of transcription.

promoter and terminator

The genetic code exhibited by all organisms is known for its __ and universality.

degeneracy