Unit 6: Protection Study Guide - Anatomy & Physiology Honors

Which skin cell also has a role in the nervous system?

Tactile epithelial cell

Dendritic cells are most abundant in the __ layer of the skin.

Stratum spinosum

Which of the following is not considered a function of the hypodermis?

Prevents water loss

If you were to get a tattoo, which sensory receptor in your skin would allow you to sense the pain from the needle?

Free nerve ending

Hair, nails, and the outermost layer of our skin are composed mostly of a tough and protective protein known as...

Keratin

Which of the following glands secretes a substance containing proteins and fat that when decomposed by bacteria results in body odor?

Apocrine gland

Which of the following is an example of the chemical protection the skin provides?

Low pH secretions

Which of the following statements about the papillary dermis is false?

It is most responsible for the toughness of our skin.

Which statement below correctly matches the structure with its function?

The nail matrix is where the nail grows from.

Which of the following is not considered an innate body defense?

Antibodies

Which of the following statements about a structure of the lymphatic system is false?

The appendix is located just posterior to the stomach and plays a role in establishing long-term immunity.

The __ lymphoid organs, like the ___, are responsible for making and maturing lymphocytes.

primary; thymus and red bone marrow

The ___ lymphoid organs, like the ___, are responsible for activating lymphocytes.

secondary; lymph nodes and spleen

In which of the following tracts of the human body can MALT not be found?

Spinal cord

What structure is responsible for monitoring bacteria populations in the intestines in order to identify the growth of pathogenic bacteria there?

Peyer's patches

A(n) ___ is a virus or microorganism that causes disease, while a(n) ___ is

simply anything that can cause an immune system response and is the part of a(n) ____ our body recognizes as foreign.

pathogen; antigen; pathogen

Which statement below correctly matches the immune system cell with its function?

Neutrophils are phagocytes that result in the formation of pus at the site of an infection.

Which of the following statements about antigen-presenting cells is false?

Both B cells and T cells rely on them.

A 15-month old receiving the MMR vaccine at his routine check-up is an example of ...

artificially acquired active immunity

A fetus receiving antibodies from its mother through the placenta while it is in the womb is an example of ...

naturally acquired passive immunity

A child is playing on the playground barefoot when she steps on a wooden part of the playset and gets a splinter in the heel of her foot. Her father removes the splinter, which had penetrated three layers of her epidermis. Which epidermal layers did the splinter go through?

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, and stratum granulosum.

A child is playing on the playground barefoot when she steps on a wooden part of the playset and gets a splinter in the heel of her foot. Her father removes the splinter, which had penetrated three layers of her epidermis. Which type of epidermal cell is most dominant in these layers?

Keratinocytes

Luckily the injury will heal quickly because the majority of cells impacted are dead and will be shed anyway in a few days. Why are the cells in these superficial layers dead and not alive?

Because they are too far from the capillaries in the dermis which is the layer that provides all of the nourishment to the epidermis.

Label the name of the layers on either side of the junction between the dermis and the epidermis.

The stratum basale layer (of the epidermis) is above the wavy line, and the papillary dermis (of the dermis) is below the wavy line.

What are these projections called?

Dermal papillae

What would happen (or fail to happen) if they did not exist?

The epidermis would lack nourishment via the capillary loops and the feeling of sensations felt via the nerve endings and touch receptors in the dermal papillae.

Where are sebaceous glands not located in our bodies? What would be an issue if we did have these types of glands there?

They are everywhere except the palms of our hands and the soles of our feet which is nice, because if we had them there, it would be hard to walk without slipping and grab things without dropping them due to the oily secretions.

Explain the role our skin plays in the regulation of body temperature. Specifically identify one other body system that works alongside our skin to accomplish this task.

Our skin works alongside the cardiovascular/circulatory system to regulate body temperature by utilizing vasodilation of the blood vessels in the dermis when we need to lower our body temperature in order to lose heat, and vasoconstriction of these blood vessels when we need to raise our body temperature in order to conserve heat.

Describe the overall function of the lymphatic system. Then describe which body system it is functionally most related to and which body system it is structurally most related to and why.

The lymphatic system is responsible for returning fluids that have leaked from the cardiovascular/circulatory system back to the blood. It is functionally most closely related to the cardiovascular/circulatory due to how it helps to maintain blood volume and pressure levels, and structurally most related to the immune system in that the immune system doesn't have its own true structures, and immune cells inhibit lymphatic tissues and organs.

Explain the pathway that lymph will travel through the body in order to get to the heart.

Lymphatic capillaries (intertwined with capillary beds in tissue cells) recover interstitial fluid, carrying it to collecting lymphatic vessels, somewhere along the way filtering the lymph in the lymph nodes, draining it in lymphatic trunks, and then gathering it in one of two lymphatic ducts which will take the lymph to the heart.

Explain the overall function of MALT and list two specific places in the body where it can be found.

MALT = lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes through the body that help to prevent pathogens from penetrating the mucous membrane. Two places could be the Peyer's patches in the intestines/GI tract, or the appendix in the GI tract.

A classmate points out that he has tender and swollen "glands" on either side of his neck, just below his jawline. He also complains of pus-filled sores that have formed in the back of his throat. What are his swollen "glands" actually called?

Lymph nodes

Based on what you know about the lymphatic and immune systems, how and why did they become swollen?

They probably became swollen due to inflammation as a response to an infection; the inflammatory response is one of our body's 2nd lines of defense against pathogens and can happen when the lymph nodes get overrun by bacteria in the lymph and can't filter it fast enough.

There is no such thing as a lymphatic artery. Why isn't this an issue?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and the lymphatic vessels are a one-way system that only carry lymph to the heart.

Your body comes into contact with a foreign substance for the first time. Explain three of the mechanisms your immune system will use in response to this initial pathogenic exposure. Include the specific term used to describe the immune system's initial line of defense.

Your body will respond to this initial exposure potentially with fever to increase the metabolism of

your cells so that they will heal faster, inflammation to set off an internal alarm that something is wrong, and defensive white blood cells like phagocytes to eat the pathogens to rid the body of them.

(All of these initial lines of defense fall under the body's innate defenses.)

Once activated, B cells will proliferate and differentiate into one of two types of cells. List each type of cell and a role each plays in the immune response.

Plasma cells - secrete antibodies that inactivate antigens to enhance phagocytosis or mark them for destruction

Memory cells - allow the body to remember the antigen so it can respond more quickly in the future

List the three main types of effector T cells and their functions.

1. Helper T cells = help to activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages

2. Cytotoxic T cells = directly attack and kill other cells

3. Regulatory T cells = moderate the immune response

What is the key player in humoral immunity?

Antibodies

What is the key player in cellular immunity?

Lmyphocytes (B cells and T cells)

What are the targets in humoral immunity?

Extracellular targets (bacteria, toxins, viruses, etc.)

What are the targets in cellular immunity?

Cellular targets (pathogen-infected cells, cancer cells, or transplanted cells)

List two reasons why NK cells would attack the body's own cells.

If the cells are cancerous or infected with a virus

Describe the method used by NK cells to destroy our cells.

The use a protein (called perforin) to create pores in the cell membrane where they insert enzymes that stimulate apoptosis.

Which other type of cell also utilizes this same method that you described in part b?

Cytotoxic T cells

Explain the function of dendritic cells, making sure to tie in

each of the three systems.

Dendritic cells use their cytoplasmic extensions to "catch" antigens and take them to T cells in the lymph nodes of the lymphatic system to be destroyed. They patrol the epidermis and help to capture invaders and initiate an immune response.

Explain the purpose of vaccines and why they are most effective when the majority of the population is vaccinated. Include the specific term used to describe this type of effectiveness.

Vaccines stimulate the immune system by exposing it to antigens prior to infection so that if an infection does occur later on, the body knows how to handle it. They are most effective when the majority of the population is vaccinated because the majority of people's bodies have set-up defenses against the microbes. This type of effectiveness is known as herd immunity.

A woman is diagnosed with Salmonellosis, a type of food poisoning caused by an infection from the Salmonella bacteria. The doctor prescribes her with ampicillin. The antibiotic helps for a few days, but then the symptoms return. She is prescribed a different antibiotic - ciprofloxacin. This fails to provide any relief, not even for a short amount of time like the first antibiotic did. Describe, in detail, what most likely happened, from an evolutionary standpoint.

There is natural variation in the Salmonella bacteria that she got infected with, making some more resistant to antibiotics than others, due to random mutation. The initial antibiotics provided some relief at first because they were able to kill off the low-resistant bacteria easily. However, over time the high-resistant bacteria were able to continue reproducing and thus became

more and more common in the population, continuing in her system. The second round of antibiotics

were ineffective due to the remaining bacteria in her body all having the adaptation of antibiotic

resistance.

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