PSYCH 1000 Final (Dennis Miller)

Pseudoscience

claims presented as evidence --> not supported by scientific method

Amiable Skepticism

remains open to new ideas, but is wary. Systematically question and evaluate info --> scientific method

scientific theory

explain the facts, BIG idea, replicable

what is the scientific method

observe, predict, test, interpret, communicate, replicate

Parsimonious vs Replicable

Parsimonious: explains a lot using the fewest assumptions. (Simple > complicated.)

Replicable: can repeat the methods and get the same results → Replication = reliability.

Hypothesis

1. Falsifiable

2. Parsimonious (simple explanation)

Specific, informed, and testable prediction

Descriptive Research

observe behavior to describe behavior (over a long period of time)

types of descriptive research

case study, survey, naturalistic observation, qualitative

case study

observe 1 person (or group) over long period of time

Naturalistic observation

observes behavior in real life

Qualitative Research

data from open ended Q's --> get unstructured answers

Survey

info numeric and quantifiable --> limited response options

Correlational research

the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables

what is a subset?

sample

what are the types of samples

convenience: easily studies

representative: represents a population

random: same chance of being selected

what is a positive correlation

up, up / down, down

negative correlation

up, down

zero/no correlation

no relationship between variables

problems with correlation?

directionality, 3rd variable, and illusory (superstitions)

Experimental Research

this causes this --> tests causal hypothesis by measuring and manipulating variables

true experiment vs quasi-experiment

true: randomly assigned

quasi-experiment: can't use random (sex, gender, location, race)

nervous system diagram

somatic = voluntary

sympathetic = arousing aka fight or flight

parasympathetic = calm (ex: digestion)

The Neural Doctrine

NS is not random --> behavior from neural communication

behavior comes from communication, change behavior

glial cells

provide structure, support and protection, regulate chemicals, AID communication, repair damage

neurons

specialized to receive integrate and transmit info

how do neurons communicate?

Electrochemically

chemical: BETWEEN neurons (neurotransmitters)

electical: WITHIN neuron (mem polarization and action potential)

(-70 mV resting mem potential, depolarized -> closer to zero, hyperpolarized -> further from zero)

what is the frontal lobe in charge of

personality, decision-making, high cognition

what is the parietal lobe in charge of

perception of touch

what is the temporal lobe in charge of

hearing, memory

what is the occipital lobe in charge of

sight

what is the cerebellum in charge of

body movement, balance, coordination, fine motor skills, some cognitive abilities

what are the pons in charge of

internal functions (vomit, respiration, HR, BP)

what is the medulla in charge of

label internal brain anatomy

Parkinson's Disease

dec of dopamine --> tremors, studdering, impaired walking

ways to measure the brain

EEG (brain waves, cap with electrons)

PET (radiation)

fMRI (pic of inside and function)

Split Brain

surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (from corpus callosum)

how do we experience flavor

taste (gustation), small (olfaction), Hepatic Senses (temp, pressure, and pain)

the chemical senses for taste

small and taste -->

1. physical stimulus

2. sensation

3. transduction

5 taste receptors

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

steps on how to taste

neural info from taste bud --> to hindbrain --> thalamus (sensory info) --> cerebral cortex (gustatory) or hypothalamus (reason for overeating) or amygdala (stress --> foods we hate)

gustatory effect

recognize foods

garcia effect

taste aversion

What brain regions contribute to foods that taste good (and makes us sick)?

amygdala

Why do we sniff when we try to smell something?

Odorants: molec. come into our system (forcing them to top of nasal passage → interact with olfactory receptors)

Use combinational coding → how we detect smells!

What's responsible for the person that I am? Is it biology or is it the environment?

<-------------------------------------->

0 1.0

(nurture) (heredity nature)

Heritability: value attributed in a particular trait that can be attributed to genetic vs. environmental

Multiplier affect: small initial advantage in some behavior (possibly genetic) alters the environment and magnifies the advantage (ex: sports)

Where does the nervous system come from and how does it change across the lifespan?

Proliferation (2-3wks after conception) - stem cells can become anything

Migration (4-5wks after) - stem cells move to needed, Differentiation (8 wks after) - change into certain/needed cells

Myelination (slows down with age)

Synaptogenesis (entire lifespan) - connection between neurons

What are the different baby personalities we're born with?

Born with different temperaments: easy, difficult, slow to warm up

How is a child connected to their caregivers? What's their attachment style? How do we assess attachment style?

Secure and Insecure

insecure avoidant - little distress to parent leaving and ignores parent when returned

insecure resistant - very upset with parent leaving cannot be comforted on reunion, insecure

disorganized/disoriented- odd conflicted behaviors)

How do babies, toddlers, kids (and us) think about the way the world works?

Sensorimotor (birth- 2yrs), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operations (7-12), Formal Operations (12+)

Sensorimotor Stage

Recognize their own free will

Dev object permanence

impossible/possible events

Sense of self (kid in front of mirror)

Preoperational stage

Begin to use language to represent objects

Less egocentric and begin to understand another's perspective

Distinguish appearance from reality

Sense of conservation

Concrete Operations Stage

Think logically

Classifies and organizes objects on many dimensions

Formal Operations Stage

Think logically about abstract propositions

Test hypothesis about world

Concerned with future and ideology

What are the Stages of Crisis

Trust and Mistrust

Autonomy (I can do it) vs. Shame & Doubt

Initiate vs. Guilt → CHORES!!

Industry vs. Inferiority → OTHER kids

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

What does it mean to be conscious?

An awareness of one's surrounding and of what is in one's mind at a given moment; includes aspects of being awake and aware

How does our brain contribute to consciousness?

Hypothalamus → SCN (bio clock)

When we sleep → regulated by body's circadian rhythm

Zeitgebers "resets" bio clock (ex: sunlight)

Pineal gland also resets clock → melatonin

What controls when we're tired and when we're aroused?

Arousal is regulated by the activity of neurons

From hindbrain through the forebrain

Hypocretin/Orexin: high arousal

Adenosine: low arousal

How do we study the brain in arousal and sleep? How does it change through the day/night?

Electroencephalogram (EEG) → measures brain's electrical activity, Looks and amplitude and freq

- Awake: low amp, high freq

- Asleep: high amp, low freq

Rem vs. Non-REM

-REM: Rapid Eye Movement; darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

-Non-REM: The first stages of sleep that are distinct from both wakefulness and REM sleep

Narcolepsy

"seesaw" doesn't work properly

insomnia? How can I manage it

difficulty falling asleep, sleep doesn't feel refreshing

DO: Exercise (not too close to bedtime)

DONT: use alcohol before bed, overdo caffeine, do other things in bed, use/overuse sleep meds

What do we recall when we're given a list of things to remember?

Primary effect: easier to remember beginning

Recency effect: easier to remember end

main types of memory that we have and how do we move information among these types?

-Sensory store (super tiny) - unattended info is lost

-short term memory (small) - unrehearsed info is lost

-Long term memory (infinite space) - some info may be lost

What are some of the types of forgetting we can overcome?

Absentmindedness- lapses of attention lead to forgetting

Blocking- temporary inaccessibility of info in long-term storage

Interference- new mems impair old mems (retroactive) and old mems impair new mems (proactive)

Misattribution- False Memory- memories that individuals believe and recall as true → when it never occurred

Crypomnesia - mistakenly believe that an idea id a product of your own creation → you encountered it previously and then forget

Transience- dec accessibility of info from long-term storage over time

Amnesia- inability to remember events for a period of time often due to damage to CNS (struggles with explicit memory)

retrograde vs. anterograde

forget period leading up to the event vs. can not make new memories

Hebbian learning:

when 2 joining cells fire simultaneously, connection between them strengthens "neurons that fire together wire together"

Long Term Potential (LTP)

enhanced activity → results from strengthening of synaptic connections

types of learning

non-associative, associative, watching others

types of nonassociative

Habituation- a dec in response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus

Sensitization- an inc in response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus

Where do we see classical conditioning in our own life?

Forward Conditioning: (strongest learning) - CS shortly precedes the onset of the US

Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and US occur at the same time

Backward Conditioning: (weakest) - US precedes CS

What factors increase/decrease the chance that we'll develop the conditioned response?

Operant (instrumental) conditioning: actions consequences determine how likely an action is to be performed in the future

- Satisfying effect → more likely to occur

- Discomforting effect → less likely to occur

How do we learn by the consequence of our behavior?

Operant Conditioning: process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior

Behavioral Modification

use of operant conditioning techniques to change behavior

Reinforcement

inc probability of behavior

Punishment

dec probability of behavior

What are ways we can increase our motivation

Classical Conditioning → What cues can you create?

Behavior → result of shaping → reinforcement of successful steps to a final behavior

Reinforcer: any stimulus → inc of behavior

Locus of control: degree to which people believe they have control over the outcome of events in their lives

Motivation

factors of differing strength that energize, direct, and sustain behavior

what factors increase (or decrease) motivation

Autonomy: felling one as choice and willingly endorsing one's behavior

Competence: experience of mastery and being effective in one's activity (I can do it)

Relatedness: need to feel connected and belongingness with others

Drive

perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficit in some need

Incentive

any external object or event that motivates behavior

Incentive-Salience

external objects/goals (not internal) entice towards certain actions (can dev from a drive)

Intrinsic Motivation

DESIRE to perform b/c of the pleasure of activity rather than an external goal → I WANT to (ex: love sport, like cleaning, find subject interesting)

Extrinsic Motivation

external reason the activity is directed told (ex: rewards, avoid complaints, good grades)

What factors contribute to starting (and stopping) a meal

Cephalic phase (head factors), gastric phase, substrate phase (intestinal factors)

How do CCK and leptin contribute to starting/stopping a meal?

Low leptin = no E

Low CCK → brain tell you to eat

James-Lange Theory of Emotions

people become aware of their emotions after they notice their physiological reactions to some external event.

Bear → Body response → fear

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions

Suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other

bear→ brain process → body response AND → emotion (fear)

Schachter and Singer (2 Factor) Theory of Emotions

Event and environment are interpreted to determine emotion

Bear→ body response → emotion label → fear

Health Psych

application of psychological principles to promote health and well-being

Well-being

positive state in which we feel our best

Psychosomatic Theory

the idea that emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of illness

Personality

characteristic thoughts, emotional responses and behavior that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances

Persona

the mask or appearance one presents to the world

Self-Reference effect

tendency to better remember info when it has been encoded in reference to the self

Working Self Concept

the immediate experience of the self in the here and now

Temperament

biologically based techniques to feel or act in certain ways

Humanistic Approach (to personality)

ways of studying personality where people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self understanding

What is a fully-functional personality, according to Carl Rodgers?

open to experience (both pos and neg emotions are accepted)

Existential living: living in the moment

Trust feelings: decisions are right

Creativity: risk taking, adjust and seek experiences

Personality types

classification of individuals into different groups (like boxes)