Exam 3 env. bio

asian carp invasive

brought over to clean waste treatment facilities algae, but they got out and overtook the mississippi river

population growth n

population size

rate

rate of growth/amount of reproduction

time

generation/how long it takes to reproduce

geometric rate of increase

growth of population size per generation

formula for geometric rate of increase

nt=nort

cockroah example

2 cockroaches give birth to ten each=

r n rxn

10×2=20

10×20=200

10×200=2000

10×2000=20000

how many roaches can a pair of roaches produce in one year

20,000

exponential growth

rapid increase in population due to # of reproductive females, and availability of resources, lack of limiting factors

limiting factors ex

food, space, predators

biotic potential

the maximum number of offspring

jaguar potential in three years

3×2=6

3×6=18

3×18=54

carrying capacityy

maximum of ind an area can support

overshoot

population grew larger than the carrying capacity

population crash

rapid decrease in the population

boom and bust

rapid increase followed by rapid decrease then increase then decrease etc

why do we see a boom bust cycle

limiting factors are not impacting them

logistic growth

population levels out at carrying capacity

density dependent factor often biotic/living

population size influences growth of population

ex of density dependent

disease, starvation, fighting,

density independent

population size does not influence growth

den ind

fires, floods, droughts,

r selected species

high reproductive rates

short life cycles

lots of offspring no parental care

rapid growth and development

k selected species

low reproductive rates,

long lifecycles

few offspring lots of parental care

slow growth and development

r example

oak trees, kung flowers

k examples

elephants

more r select species strategies

adapted to unstable environment

pioneers

generalist low trophic level

more k select species strategies

stable env

later stages of succession

specialist high trophic level

factors that affect growth rates

birth, immigration, death, emmigration

factors formula

r=B+I-D-E

survivor ship curves I

long life, most ind. die later in life=elephants, mostly k species, few predators

survivor ship curve II

med life, die at any age=rabbits, squirrels

survivor ship curve III

die young, lots of offspring=moths

conservation biology

minimum population size necessary to maintain a viable population

island biogegraphy

islands experience higher extinction rate, island doesnt have to be like hawaii, it can be like a park in the middle of town

island problems

cannot reproduce with a lot of different varieties=less genetic variation, leads to inbreeding

conservation genetics

small populations experience more genetic drift

genetic drift

founder effect and bottle neck

jaguar corridor initiavie

south american countries trying to create a corridor for jaguars to breed

founder effect

reduction in genetic diversity due to isolation, mexican jaguars cant migrate/reproduce due to development, can reconnect

bottle neck

population size crashes reduces genetic diversity no reconnecting, leads to inbreeding

minimum viable pop size

minimum pop size required for long term survival for species

metapopulation

is a collection of pop that have regular or intermittent gene flow between geographically separate units

source habitat

region/area where the birth rates are higher than the death rates

sink habitat

area where the death rates are higher than the birth rates

marine protected areas (6%) act as

sources, that are unfishable

how many born per second

4

how many die

1

growth rate

1.08% aprox 80 million doubling time of 66 years

current pop

8.1-8.2 billion people

concerns with human population

resource consumption

environmental degradation

distribution of resources-social inequity

sustainability

doubling time back then was

way longer, it took many years

malthus view on population growth

lots of humans leads to resource depletion, unemployment and overall poverty lead to crime, disease, and war

population increase leads to poverty

marx veiw on population growth

oppression leads to poverty that leads to unemployment that leads to poverty and crime then war

poverty=population growth

technology can increase carrying capacity

because it has saved multiple peoples lives steadying the population

population impact formulat

i=pat

ipat

impact

population size

wealth

technology

who has the worst ipat

Qatar

un food and ag org. FAO

avg food con. per person daily globally

g=1970 was approx. 2400cal

g=2015 was approx. 2900cal

developing country

1970 2100cal

2015 2700cal

how many people with food insecurity

800 million due to war, famine, politics, economics, climate change

demography

vital statistics of the population, birth, death, pop size etc

pop in worlds largest countries

india is leading wit 1.7 billion

china has 1.2 billion

us is third at 300 million

niger annu7al income

917

china annual income

7320

some countries are seeing a decline in population why

couples are choosing not to have kids, economic collapse, AIDS,

pop density fertility highest is

african countries

crude birth rate

#of births per year, per thousand people

total fertility rate

#of kids born per women during her reproductive years

zero population growth

birth and immigration rates balance out death and emmigration rates

worldwide fertility rates is

declining, the world is below the replacement rate

crude death rate

#of deaths per year per thousand year

natural increase

crude birth-crude death

total growth rate

birth and immigration-death and emmigration

life span

oldest age anyone has reached 122 years old

life expectancy

avg. # of years a person can expect to live about 72 years

us live expectancy

76 for men and 81 for females

why do women live longer

studies show women are less likely to suffer from illnesses

life expectancy vs income

more money =better life expectancy

age structure

pyramid

lots of young people, lots of growth

age structure tower

stable population

age structure vase

declining population

pros of limited repro

more resources available, harder for disease to spread

cons of limited repro

less people to produce goods, and use goods

lower birth rates pros

females are getting an education, more resources to go around, more overall wealth

lower birth rates cons

can lead to a collapse of certain systems

birth rates correlate to

the economy, negates marks

how can we slow immigration

stricter rules, more enforcement

birth rates in the us

have been declining

baby boomers kids

echo boom

demographic transistion

movement towards an industrialized society

demo trans facts

falling birth and death rates, improved economic conditions,

what are some things that influence pop

cost of edu, econo. growth, social norms, healthcare standards, net immigrants, female labour market.

consequences of overpopulation

increased demand for food, and supplies

during the last 40 the pop has grown

about 1.7%

food production increased

on average about 2.2%

global calorie consumption a day

3000 per day

more dev country calories per day

3500

800 million are chronically

malnourished=only 2200 calories per day

ways to avoid point of crisis, malthus pop growth

as pop grows, resources become compromised