Growth and Development Peds Exam 1 (copy)

how does SES level affect G&D?

available resources; may not be able to afford food, speech therapy, etc.

how does the parent-child relationship affect G&D?

neglect/abuse

chronological age is not equal to

developmental age

growth and development is _______________ and _______________ .

sequential, orderly

Cephalocaudal

growth from head to lower extremities

Proximodistal

starts in the center and proceeds to the periphery (e.g., movement and control of the trunk, then the arms, and later fine movements of the fingers)

Differentiation

simple to complex progression of achievement of developmental milestones (e.g., learning to crawl before learning to walk)

infant

birth to 1 year

toddler

1 to 3 years

preschool

3 to 6 years

school-age

6 to 12 years

adolescence

12 to 18 years

at what age can a child grasp toys and open/close hands?

2-3 months

at what age can a child blow bubbles or follow objects with their eyes?

2-3 months

at what age can a child raise their head and chest and support their body when on their stomach?

2-3 months

at what age can a child transfer toys from hand to hand?

6-8 months

at what age does a child begin to develop the pincer grasp?

6-8 months

at what age can a child roll from side to side?

6-8 months

at what age can a child sit up unsupported?

7-8 months

at what age can a child support full weight on their legs?

6-8 months

at what age can a child hold a crayon?

1 year

at what age can a child pull self up to stand?

1 year

at what age can a child walk with assistance?

1 year

at what age is a child learning to dress themselves?

2-3 years

at what age can a child draw a simple shape (like circles)?

2-3 years

at what age can a child jump, kick a ball, and begin to learn to pedal a tricycle?

2-3 years

at what age can a child dress independently?

4-5 years

at what age can a child use scissors?

4-5 years

at what age can a child brush their teeth?

4-5 years

at what age can a child walk up and down stairs independently?

4-5 years

at what age can a child throw a ball?

4-5 years

at what age can a child hop on one foot?

4-5 years

weight from birth to 1 year

doubles by 6 months, triples by 1 year

height from birth to 1 year

Increase of 1 foot by 1 year of age

teeth for birth to 1 year

erupt by 6 months, has 6-8 teeth by 1 year of age

weight for toddler 1-3 years

gains 8 or more oz a month from 1-2 years

gains 3-5 lbs/year from 2-3 year

height for toddler 1-3 years

grows 3-5 inches from 1-2 years

grows 2-2.5 inches per year from 2-3 years

teeth for toddler 1-3 years

has 20 teeth by 3 years old

weight for preschool & school-age (3-12)

gains 3-5lb a year

height for preschool & school-age (3-12)

grows 1.5-2.5 inches a year

weight for adolescence 12-18 years

girls: 15-55 lbs

boys: 15-65 lbs

height for adolescence 12-18 years

girls: 2-8 inches

boys: 4.5-12 inches

first stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

stage 1 of sensorimotor stage

birth to 2 months = reflexes

stage 2 of sensorimotor stage

1-4 months = primary circular reactions

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i.e sucking thumb

stage 3 of sensorimotor stage

4-8 months = secondary circular reactions

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i.e repeat actions that will trigger a response (child puts a toy rattle in the month)

stage 4 of sensorimotor stage

8-12 months = coordination of secondary schemata

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i.e to achieve the desired effect, the child will repeat the action

stage 5 of sensorimotor stage

12-18 months = tertiary circular reactions

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i.e making a sound to get the attention from the caregiver

stage 6 of sensorimotor stage

18-24 months = inventions of new means

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i.e child learns that objects and symbols represent events

characteristics of sensorimotor stage

child progresses from reflex activity to simple repetitive behaviors

what should be mastered by the end of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

object permanence and understanding of cause/effect

second stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development

pre-operational stage (2-4 years)

third stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development

intuitive thought phase (4-7 years)

fourth stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development

concrete operation stage (7-11 years)

fifth stage of Piaget’s five stages of cognitive development

formal operational stage (11 years to adulthood)

which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is a child egocentric?

preoperational stage

which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development does a child have magical thinking?

preoperational stage

characteristics of intuitive thought

thinks of others, can think of one idea at a time, words used to express thoughts

characteristics of concrete operation stage

becoming less self-centered, thought process is more coherent and logical

characteristics of formal operational stage

adaptable and flexible, use of rational thinking, cnathinks abstractly

freud’s stage of psychosocial development for __**infancy**__

oral stage: comforted through the mouth (i.e biting, chewing, sucking)

freud’s stage of psychosocial development for __**toddler**__

anal stage: derives gratification from the control of bodily excretions (i.e gratification from voluntarily pooping)

freud’s stage of psychosocial development for __**preschool**__

phallic stage: becomes aware of self as a sexual being and identifies with parent of opposite sex at first

oedipal complex

attachment of a boy to his mother

electra complex

attachment of a girl to her father

freud’s stage of psychosocial development for __**school age**__

latency stage: focuses on peer relationships, emphasis on privacy and understanding the body

freud’s stage of psychosocial development for __**adolescent**__

genital stage: focus on genital function and relationships

erikson’s __**infancy**__ stage of psychosocial developmental

trust vs mistrust

what happens in erikson’s __**infancy**__ stage of psychosocial development?

child learns to trust as needs are met by the caregiver

erikson’s __**toddler**__ stage of psychosocial developmental

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

what happens in erikson’s __**toddler**__ stage of psychosocial development?

child becomes more independent, “i’m a big kid now”

erikson’s __**preschool**__ stage of psychosocial developmental

initiative versus guilt

what happens in erikson’s __**preschool**__ stage of psychosocial development?

learning right from wrong

erikson’s __**school-age**__ stage of psychosocial developmental

industry vs inferiority

what happens in erikson’s __**school-age**__ stage of psychosocial development?

rule-following behavior

erikson’s __**adolescent**__ stage of psychosocial developmental

identity vs role confusion

what happens in erikson’s __**adolescent**__ stage of psychosocial development?

preoccupied with appearance and what others think of them, working on establishing own identity

kohlberg’s __**first stage**__ of moral developmental

pre-conventional level (2-7 years)

stages of kohlberg’s pre-conventional level

1: Obedience and punishment orientation

2: individualism and exchange

characteristics of kohlberg’s preconventional level

follow rules that are set by authority

adjusts behavior according to right/wrong

kohlberg’s __**second stage**__ of moral developmental

conventional level (7-12 years)

stages of conventional level

3: Good interpersonal relationships

4: Maintaining the social order

\-seeks conformity and loyalty

\-follow rules

\-Maintain social order

characteristics of conventional level

seeks conformity and loyalty

follow rules

maintain social order

kohlberg’s __**third stage**__ of moral developmental

post-conventional autonomous level (12 years and older)

stages of post-conventional autonomous level

5: social contract and individual rights

6: universal principles

characteristics of post-conventional autonomous level

constructs a personal value system independent of authority figures

Neonatal period

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birth to 1 month

what is the size of the head during the neonatal period?

1/4 of body length (33-35cm)

weight during neonatal period

6-8 pounds

length during neonatal period

48-50 cm, growing \~2cm/month x 6 months

how would you measure a neonate head circumference

measure above the eyebrows and around the largest part of the occiput

neonates play:

unoccupied play, mirrors, mobiles

when does the posterior fontanel close?

closes by 2-3 months

when does the anterior fontanel close?

closes by 12-18 months

what is the moro reflex?

abduction and extension of arms and legs

when does the moro reflex disappear?

by 4-6 months

what is the tonic neck reflex?

neonate assumes fencing position with arms and legs extended in the direction in which the head is turned

when does the tonic neck reflex disappear?

by 4-6 months

when does grasp reflex disappear?

by 3 months

when does rooting reflex disappear?

by 4 months