History Test review

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

a 1963 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union that banned all tests of nuclear weapons except those conducted underground

Sputnik

a Soviet satellite launched in 1957

Miranda v. Arizona

the 1966 Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that law enforcement must inform people of their rights during an arrest

Mapp v. Ohio

the 1961 Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the 14th Amendment’s due process clause requires state government to respect Fourth Amendment rights limiting search and seizure

Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, KS

the 1954 Supreme Court case that overturned the precedent of “separate but equal” and determined that segregation in schools is unconstitutional

1963 Birmingham Campaign

a series of protests organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to draw attention to segregation in Birmingham, Alabama

March on Washington

a 1963 protest demonstration in Washington, DC, against racial demonstration and in support of civil rights legislation

Voting Rights Act of 1965

federal law that eliminated poll taxes, literacy tests, and other voting barriers

Equal Rights Amendment

a proposed addition to the U.S. Constitution aimed at invalidating laws discriminating against women

New Frontier programs

a term used by John F. Kennedy during his presidential candidacy to describe his slate of progressive policies in response to the challenges of the 1960s

Sit-ins

The action of occupying a space as a show of civil disobedience

Boycotts

nonviolent act of protest to achieve a goal; Tallahassee bus boycott, Montgomery bus boycott; used during this time to allow Blacks to ride of buses with Whites

Black Power

a campaign for racial pride, economic empowerment, and the celebration of African culture among Black Americans in the 1960s

Lavender Scare

a cultural panic about LGBTQ+ people in the United States government that emerged from McCarthyism in the 1950s

Great Society programs

the policies pursued by President Lyndon B. Johnson aimed at increasing the quality of life in America

Cuban Missile Crisis

a standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of nuclear weapons in Cuba and Turkey; closest the United States and the USSR came to nuclear war

Tet Offensive

a coordinated attack at multiple points along the Ho Chi Minh Trail and into South Vietnam in January of 1968

Bay of Pigs

a failed attack on the Bahía de Cochinos in Cuba, carried out by Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. government

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

a 1964 declaration issued by Congress that authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to take any measures necessary to neutralize and prevent future attacks on the U.S. forces in Southeast Asia

Fall of Saigon

Northern Vietnamese troops marched into Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam and they captured in on April 30, 1975; led to South Vietnam surrendering to the North

War Powers Act

1973 U.S. legislation that limited a president’s ability to send American troops into foreign conflict without a declaration of war

Vietnamization

the U.S. policy of withdrawing soldiers from Vietnam, leaving the military responsible to local forces

Occupation of Alcatraz

a high security island prison located in the middle of San Francisco Bay

Occupation of Wounded Knee

a 1973 protest led by the American Indian Movement at the site of the 1890 massacre of 200 Oglala Lakota

LGBTQ+ Movement

entitlement of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people, as well as those of other genders and sexual orientations, to cultural and legal equality

American Indigenous Movement

an Indigenous civil rights campaign founded by Ojibwe leaders in 1968

Chicano Movement

a cultural and political campaign among Mexican Americans for farmworkers’ rights, political empowerment, activism against discrimination in schools and the military, and the reclamation and ownership of territory in the U.S. Southwest

United Farm Workers

a labor union founded in 1962 to advocate for better working conditions on American farms

Griswold v. Connecticut

1965 U.S. Supreme Court case that established the legal right of married couples to use contraceptive

Title IX

a section of the Education Amendments of 1972 that banned sex

Equality Pay Act of 1963

a law making it illegal to pay women and men different wages for the same work

Civil Rights Act of 1964

landmark series of law aimed to desegregate American society and promote equal civil rights

My Lai Massacre

attack during the Vietnam War in which American soldiers killed hundreds of civilians, including women and children

Elementary and Secondary Act

a law providing money to states to distribute to low

Medicare

government program that provides federally funded health insurance for Americans over 65 and eligible younger Americans with disabilities

Medicaid

a government program that provides government

Water Quality Act of 1965

a law providing for the settling of water quality standards and imposing fines on polluters who did not comply

Project Head Start

a government program, initiated in 1964, that provides free preschool education as well as comprehensive health and social services to children living in poverty

Economic Opportunity Act

a law that established a number of programs aimed at addressing poverty in the United States

Wilderness Act of 1964

a law that created the National Wilderness Preservation System and the means to preserve new areas of wilderness throughout the nation

Housing and Urban Development Act

a law that created a federal department to coordinate housing programs in the United States

Vietcong

pro-communist guerrilla offensive of South Vietnam during the war

Montgomery Bus Boycott

a mass protest against segregated seating on buses in Montgomery, Alabama, that began in 1955

Freedom Rides

a series of protest in which civil rights activists rode buses throughout the South

Freedom Summer

a 1964 mass voter registration drive in Mississippi organized by civil rights leaders

SCLC

a civil rights activism organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr.

CORE

a nonviolent protest organization founded in Chicago in 1942 to combat segregation

SNCC

an organization run by college-age activists that played a central role in the struggle for civil rights

Selma to Montgomery March

a 54-mile walking protest staged by civil rights activists in Alabama in response to the killing of Jimmie Lee Jackson

Black Panthers

a militant organization that advocated for the right of Black Americans to defend themselves against racial violence

Brown Berets

a Chicano militant organization modeled after the Black Panther Party

Stonewall Uprising

five days of protests surrounding a popular gay bar in the New York City’s Greenwich Village in July 1969

The Feminine Mystique

a 1963 book by Betty Friedan that challenged the traditional gender roles of women

NOW

National Organization for Women; dedicated to winning equal rights for women nationwide and raising awareness of employment discrimination and violence against women

Equal Rights Amendment

a proposed addition to the U.S. Constitution aimed at invalidating laws discriminating against women

Equal Pay Act of 1964

a law making it illegal to pay women and men different wages for the same work

John Glenn

an astronaut who was the first American to orbit Earth

Martin Luther King Jr.

prominent civil rights leader of the 1950s and 1960s; gave “I Have A Dream” speech

Gloria Steinem

a feminist writer; founder of the National Womens’s Political Caucus and (Ms.) magazine

President John F. Kennedy

35th president of the United States; served from 1961 to 1963

President Lyndon B. Johnson

the 36th president of the United States; served from 1963 to 1969; oversaw the escalation of the Vietnam War

President Richard M. Nixon

the 37th president of the United States; served from 1969-1974

Stokely Carmichael

a civil rights activist who popularized the use of the term “Black Power”

Fidel Castro

political leader of Cuba from 1959-2008; oversaw the transformation of Cuba into a communist country

Nikita Khrushchev

a Soviet premier who led the country into the post-Stalin era

Ho Chi Minh

revolutionary communist leader who served as president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945-1969

Ngo Din Diem

anti-communist leader of Republic of Vietnam from 1955-1963

Rosa Parks

a civil rights activist who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955

Malcom X

an activist who championed Black Power and Black nationalism in the 1960s

Betty Friedan

a feminist whose 1963 work (The Feminine Mystique) argued for expanded roles and expectations for women