Anatomy exam 1 ( unit 1 and 2)

Anatomy

study of the structure of the body and the relationships between them

Physiology

Study of function of the body parts (how they work)

Chemical

* Atoms and Molecules
* Lowest level of organization

Molecule examples

lipids (fatty acids), proteins, DNA, carbs

what is another name for cellular

cytology

Cellular (cytology)

When chemicals are joined together in different ways, a cell might be formed

Cells are the basic unit of life; organisms cannot have life until they reach the cellular level

some organisms are unicellular (one-celled) while others are multicellular

Cells are the basic unit of…?

life

Organisms cannot have life until they…

reach a cellular level

What is unicellular

one celled

what is multicellular

more than one celled

Tissue (Histology)

a group of similar cells joined together to perform a specific function within the body

What is another name for tissue?

Histology

Tissue examples

connective, nervous, epithelial, muscle

Organ

When different tissues organize and join together to form it

A organ has specific functions and …

a recognizable shape

organ examples

skin, spleen, heart, eyes, liver

Organ system

group of organs form systems

organ system examples

integumentary, lymphatic/immune

how many organ systems are there?

11

organism

when all systems work together to create a functioning individual

What are the levels of organization?

chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

What is Homeostasis?

it regulates, equilibrium, constants, balances

Homeostasis allows..

the body’s attempt to maintain a constant environment despite internal and external disruptions

Homeostasis examples

pH, temperature, glucose levels

The body must operate within..

a narrow range of temperature and pH

When Homeostasis is disrupted…

Illness, disease and death can death can occur. If the body does not counteract the effects

Stress is any..

disturbance that causes an imbalance within the normal acceptable range of homeostasis

Stress can be…

chemical, physical, and emotional

To return itself the body to a normal resting level of homeostasis..

the body will naturally try to compensate for these changes

For a normal resting level of homeostasis to occur it is done through..

nervous or endocrine system

* hormones
* communication systems

What is a hormone

a group of glands that secrete molecules

Homeostasis is maintained by…

feedback loops

What do feedback loops do?

keep the body informed of any changes that may be occurring and also help to return the body to homeostasis

What are the factors in a feedback loop?

1. Controlled condition
2. Receptor (the change in flux)
3. Control Center
4. Effector (it stabilizes the hormone)

Negative Feedback loop

The response will reverse or cause the opposite effect of the original stimulus

* Common

Negative Feedback example of blood pressure

1. Controlled condition: blood pressure

Blood pressure increases…


2. Receptor: Baroceptors (monitor BP)
3. Control Center: Hypothalamus (helps maintain homeostasis)
4. Effector: Heart rate decreases

Blood pressure decreases….

Positive Feedback Loop

Moves a system away from the target of equilibrium/starting state

* Less common
* Intensity escalates

Positive Feedback example of Child Birth

1. Controlled condition: uterus

Uterine contractions are enhancing…


2. Receptor: activates stretch receptors in cervix
3. Control Center: Pituitary gland
4. Effector: Oxytocin (Hormone)

Uterine contractions are enhancing…

Integumentary System

protection, senses, temperature regulation

Muscular system

Movement, heat production

Skeletal system

Protection, support, mineral storage

Nervous system

controls body activity, regulates metabolism, thoughts

Endocrine system

Maintains homeostasis with the use of hormones

Immune/Lymphatic system

Body’s defense against infection, recycling of interstitial fluid; blood cell production

Circulatory system

carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells

Respiratory system

gas exchange, regulation of pH

Digestive System

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

Urinary System

rids waste, maintains pH and regulates body fluids

Reproductive System

produces gametes (sperm and egg)

What is the anatomical Position?

* Palms and feet forward


* feet and shoulder length apart
* arms down to the side
* Good posture
* Head looking forward

ventral

toward the belly

dorsal

toward the back or spine or vertebrae

anterior

toward the front

posterior

toward the back

cephalic

toward the head

rostral

toward the forehead

caudal

toward the tail

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

toward the medial

lateral

away from the medial

proximal

closer to the point of attachment or origin

distal

farther away from the point of attachment or origin

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on opposites of the body

superficial

closer to body surface

deep

farther from body surface

transverse plane

top and bottom cut

sagittal plane

right and left cut

frontal/coronal plane

anterior and posterior cut

what is an atom?

the smallest stable unit of matter

atoms are composed of smaller subatomic particles called…

protons, neutrons and electrons

protons

positive charge

protons occur…

in the nucleus

neutrons

neutral charge

neutrons occur…

in the nucleus

electrons

negative

electrons occur…

around nucleus

energy levels are…

arranged into energy levels

electrons occupy space in around the nucleus in an….

orderly fashion

the first energy level can hold up to…

2 electrons

the second energy level can hold up to…

8 electrons

the third energy level can hold up to..

18 electrons

an atom with 8 electrons in its outer shell is referred to as

valence electron

8 electrons in its outer shell is…

chemically stable (octet rule)

\# of e- in the outermost energy shell will determine..

if the an atom will react with another atom

atoms that have their outer electron shell filled are…

NOT reactive

* just stable

atoms that need electrons to complete the outermost electron shell are…

active

eg: carbon

atomic number

equal the number of protons in an atom

Mass number

number of protons + neutrons

number of protons

equal the number of electrons

\#of protons and electrons equals one another until…

the atom has not participated in an chemical reaction

Element

a substance that cannot be divided into different substances

* composed of only one type of atom

4 major elements make up…

96% of the body

what are the 4 major elements:

a. CHNO

b. CHNP

C. HCNK

a

What are the bodies several major minerals?

a. S, K, P, Na, Ag, Mn, Mg

b. Na, Mn, P, S, Au, H, C

c. S,K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na, P

c

What are the trace elements present only in small amounts?

a. K, Mn, Ag

b. Zn, Fe, I

c, Zn, Fe, P

b

Molecule

combination of 2 or more atoms

eg: O2 and H2O

Compound

combination of 2 or more different atoms

ex: NaCl NOT O2

Isotopes

atoms that contain the same number of protons but have a different mass number

eg: 12C = 6p 6e 6n

13C= 6p 6e 7n

14C = 6p 6e 8n