1st Bio exam for Appstate Professor Chialvo

(How is something considered living through the cell theory.) What is the thing made up off

all living things are made up off cells

(How is something considered living through the cell theory.) can't be man made

Those cells came from preexisting cells

(How is something considered living through the cell theory.) the cells must be able to have...

energy flow in the cell (metabolism)

(How is something considered living through the cell theory.) Must have what stored in cell that can be passed down

genetic info stored in the cell that can be passed down to other cells

(Function of eukaryotic structures) Nucleus

regulates all activity/behavior of the cell

(Function of eukaryotic structures) ER

local transport of materials

(Function of eukaryotic structures) Golgi body

packaging/tagging/transporting of materials out of the cell

(Function of eukaryotic structures) Mitochondrion

supplies chemical energy (ATP) to the cell

(Function of eukaryotic structures) Lysosomes

recycle old cellular material and also destroys pathogens

(Function of eukaryotic structures) Peroxisomes

digest and breaks down cellular material; neutralize reactive oxygen compounds

(Function of eukaryotic structures) ribosomes

manufacture proteins

(What properties does the cell membrane have?) selective permeable

can decide what comes in and out of a cell

How is the cell membrane put together? phospholipid bilayer

the O likes to
water the tail doesn't. put two together and it makes a phospholipid bilayer

(What properties does the cell membrane have?) transport/transmembrane proteins

helps with movement of materials

What is concentration gradients

there is an area of high concentration and low concentration; as a result, the molecules will move from high to low (moving down)

(Cellular transport) passive transport/diffusion

small molecules are going to move across the membrane without transport or energy (moving down)

(Cellular transport) facilitated transport

large molecules are going to move across the membrane with the assistance of transport proteins but without the need for energy (ATP) (moving down)

(Cellular transport) active transport

large molecules are going to move across the membrane with the assistance of transport proteins and the use of energy (ATP) (moving Up)

(Predict the movement of water based on tonicity) hypotonic

the outside of the cell has a lower concentration of solute than inside the cell (water is going to enter the cell)

(Predict the movement of water based on tonicity) hypertonic

the outside environment has a higher concentration of solute than the inside of the cell (water is going to leave the cell)

(Predict the movement of water based on tonicity) isotonic

same inside the cell as the outside (water is going to flow back and forth at an even rate)

step one of cellular signaling

signaling ( carries by a ligand)

step two of cellular signaling

reception (bind to a receptor)

step three of cellular signaling

transduction (relaying of the message via chemical messengers)

step four of cellular signaling

response (cell performs the action given by the ligand)

positive feedback loops

trying to increase the frequency or intensity of stimulus

negative feedback loop

trying to decrease the frequency or intensity of stimulus

stimulus

the environmental factor that is felt or sensed

sensors

the cellular components which detect/sense the stimulus

integrator

the body part that takes in sensory info and cause a response

effector

the things that have an effect on the stimulus

Cellular division- chromatin

loose form of DNA present during cellular division

Cellular division- Chromosomes

highly condensed form of chromatin

Cellular division- Sister chromatid

identical, copied chromosomes that are connected in the middle

Cell Cycle- G1

Absorbs all things necessary for division and then checks inside and outside the cell if it is appropriate for the division

Cell Cycle- S

Duplicate our DNA

Cell Cycle- G2

Duplicates the organelles and checks for DNA copying errors

Cell Cycle- Mitotic

The cell then divides into two daughter cells, each receiving one copy of the doubled material. The mitotic cycle is complete when each daughter cell is surrounded by its own outer membrane.

What is the importance of checkpoints in the cell cycle.

to insure the division process runs smoothly

what is the impact of cancerous tumors on the human body?

-cells within the tumor do not function properly
-cancer leech nutrients from other cells

(What genes are responsible for preventing cancer? What are their functions?) proto-oncogenes

regulates the speed of division. If mutated, the cell will divide as fast as they can

(What genes are responsible for preventing cancer? What are their functions?) tumor suppressors

enforce checkpoints. If mutated, the cell does not stop at any checkpoints

(What genes are responsible for preventing cancer? What are their functions?) DNA repair genes

fixes mutations. If mutated, mutations do not get fixed

(treatments for cancer) surgery

the surgeon removes cancer, usually along with some healthy tissue around it. Removing this healthy tissue helps improve the chances that all cancer has been removed.

(treatments for cancer) radiation

works by making small breaks in the DNA inside cells

(treatments for cancer) chemotherapy

damages the genes inside the nucleus of cells.

(treatments for cancer) targeted therapy

blocking cancer cells from copying themselves.

(treatments for cancer) immunotherapy

stimulating the immune system