Cross Sectional anatomy Quiz 1

Two major cavities of the body

Ventral and Dorsal cavity

The dorsal cavity includes

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

cranial cavity

Cavity that contains the brain and cerebellum

Spinal cavity

Cavity that contains the spinal cord, CSF

The ventral cavity includes

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

What is the thoracic cavity?

The cavity that is enclosed by the rib cage.

What is another name for the thoracic cavity?

Pleural cavity.

What covers the thoracic cavity?

Pleural lining.

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

The diaphragm.

The abdominopelvic cavity is from the

diaphragm to the pubic bone

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into

abdominal( superior)l cavity and pelvic(inferior) cavity

Peritoneal cavity

The anterior area of the abdominopelvic cavity that is covered by the peritoneal lining

Retroperitoneal cavity

The posterior area of the abdominopelvic cavity, posterior to the peritoneal lining

What is the peritoneum?

A thin, serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.

What is the parietal peritoneum?

The layer of the peritoneum that lines the inner surface of the abdominal wall.

What is the visceral peritoneum?

The layer of the peritoneum that covers the abdominal organs.

Abdominal portion of the peritoneal cavity

Greater sac, lesser sca, and foramen winslow( Epiploic foramen)

What does the greater sac enclose?

Most of the abdominal organs

What are the organs enclosed by the greater sac called?

Intraperitoneal organs

From where to where does the greater sac extend?

From the diaphragm to the pelvis

lesser sac

It is a diverticulum or extension of the greater sac and is located posterior to the stomach and anterior to the pancreas, and is part of the transverse colon

Epiplioc Foramen or Foramen of Winslow

The passageway between the greater and lesser sacs is just inferior to the liver

Omentum

A double layer of peritoneum folding

greater omentum

double fold of the peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach, hangs down like an apron over the small intestines, and then attaches to the transverse colon.

Lesser omentum

folding of the peritoneum that extends/connects from the liver(porta hepatis area) to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum

Organs in the peritoneal( intraperitoneal) cavity

liver, gallbladder, ovaries, stomach, spleen, transverse colon, most of the small intestines( except the mid portion of the duodenum)

Retroperitoneal cavity

Posterior area of the abdominopelvic cavity, posterior to the peritoneal lining

- Pararenal space

- Anterior pararenal space

- Great vessels region

- Diaphragmatic crura

organs in the retroperitoneal cavity

kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, ascending colon, descending colon, part of the duodenum, pancreas, prostate gland, aorta, ivc

Major vessels in the retroperitoneal cavity

Aorta and IVC

Supracolic compartment

An abdominal space above the transverse colon

Right subhepatic space

space underneath the liver; between the right liver and the right kidney, also known as Morrison's pouch

Morrison's pouch

The most dependent part of the abdominal cavity. It acts as a drainage pathway for fluid from the liver and kidney and it provides a space for the accumulation of fluid, such as ascites or blood

Left subhepatic space

behind the left lobe of the liver, lesser sac

Right and Left Subphrenic spaces

spaces between the diaphragm and the anterior right and left lobes of the liver

Infracolic Compartments

Areas inferior to the transverse colon( right paracolic gutter, left paracolic gutters, and right and left mesentric gutters)

Right paracolic gutter

between the ascending colon and the right abdominal wall

Left paracolic gutter

Between the descending colon and the left abdominal wall

4 quadrants of the abdomen

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Anatomical position

Standing erect, arms at the sides, face, and palms, direct forward

What are the three anatomical divisions

Sagittal, coronal, and transverse

Sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left

Coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior planes

Transverse Plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

The light or notch on the transducer is

the left side of the screen or sector

When scanning transverse turn

90 degrees counterclockwise

Sections of the aorta

1. Root of the aorta

- left ventricular outflow tract

2. Ascending Aorta

- supply upper/ jhead and neck

3. Descending aorta

4. Abdominal aorta

5. Bifurcation- Iliac arteries

Iliac arteries divide into

internal and external iliac arteries

Internal iliac artery supply

the pelvis

External iliac artery supply

extremeties

Ascending aorta

arches superior on the aortic arch

What are the branches of the Ascending Aorta?

-Right innominate artery(brachiocephalic)

-Left common carotid artery

- Left subclavian artery

What does the Right innominate artery branch into?

Right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

What does the Right innominate artery supply blood to?

The right side of the head, neck, and arm

What does the Left common carotid artery supply blood to?

The brain and neck

What does the Left subclavian artery supply blood to?

The left side of the head, neck, and left arm

The abdominal aorta characteristics

-Anterior and slightly to the left of the vertebral column

-A retroperitoneal structure

- The aorta is posterior to the left lobe of the liver, the body of the pancreas, the pylorus of the stomach, the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric artery, and the left renal vein

Aorta size

Diameter is 2-3 cm and tapers inferiorly

- the more inferiorly the aorta gets more superficial it becomes

- the prox aorta is deeper

What are the three layers of the aorta?

Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Adventitia

What is the Tunica Media?

The middle layer of the aortic wall, which is the thickest layer made up of elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells, and collagen.

What is the Tunica Adventitia?

The outer layer of the aorta, composed of elastic and collagen fibers.

Why are arteries less compressible than veins?

Arteries are thicker and contain more smooth muscle fibers than cells.

Abdominal Aorta Branches

-Celiac Trunk: Most superior branch( about 2 cm from the diaphragm)

-Superior Mesenteric Artery: Anterior branch

-Right& Left Renal arteries: lateral branches

-Inferior Mesenteric Artery: anterior branch

- Some patients have suprarenal Arteries that branch off horizontally and supply adrenal glands. They are usually between celiac and SMA

Celiac trunk branches into

Left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery

Left Gastric Artery

A branch of the celiac trunk. Courses superiorly to the left along the left side of the lesser curvature of the stomach( supplies it with blood) and then back toward the right to eventually anastomose (join) with the right hepatic artery.

Splenic Artery

A branch of the celiac trunk. Courses to the left horizontally along the superior border of the pancreas and supply the spleen

Common Hepatic Artery Branches

Proper hepatic artery and Gastroduodenal artery

Common hepatic artery

A branch of the celiac trunk. Branches horizontally to the right into the proper hepatic artery and the gastroduodenal artery

Proper hepatic artery

A branch of the common hepatic artery. Course right lateral and superiorly, supplying the liver via the right, middle, and left hepatic arteries

Cystic artery

Branches from the right hepatic artery and feeds the gallbladder

The Left Hepatic artery supplies

The left lobe of the liver and the caudate lobe of the liver

Gastroduodenal artery

A branch of the Common hepatic artery. Courses inferior to the anterior lateral border of the head of the pancreas

Superior Mesenteric Artery( SMA)

Supply the ascending colon and part of the transverse colon

Inferior Mesenteric artery

Supply parts of the transverse colon, descending colon, and parts of the rectum

Renal arteries

-Within a few cm of the SMA

- branches off in a lateral aspect and courses horizontally to supply the kidneys

Right renal artery

It is longer than the left renal artery and is posterior to the IVC

Left renal artery

Is posterior to the left renal vein. It usually originates slightly superior to the right renal artery

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

-Runs upward in the retroperitoneal cavity

- returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

- low-pressure system

- collapsible, larger diameter with inspiration

The IVC is located

To the right and anterior to the vertebral bodies. It travels through the diaphragm and empties into the right atrium

Bifurcation of iVC happens

At level L-4, into the right and left iliac veins

Major tributaries of the IVC

-right and left renal veins

-Before it enters the thoracic cavity ( caval hiatus) the IVC receives the three hepatic veins.

Left renal vein is

longer than the right renal vein

The lesser sac is located:

posterior to the stomach

The peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs is referred to as?

Visceral peritoneum

Ascites typically collects in all the following potential spaces

Morrison's pouch, paracolic gutter, and mesenteric gutters

Before it enters the thoracic cavity, the IVC receives blood from the:

Hepatic veins

Which vessels lie posterior to the IVC?

A. Right renal artery

B.Right renal vein

C.Left renal vein

D.Left renal artery

Right renal artery

Which vessel courses posterior to the SMA and anterior to the aorta?

A. Superior mesenteric vein

B. Splenic vein

C. Left renal vein

D. Left gastric vein

left renal vein

All the following are IVC tributaries

Hepatic veins and renal veins

Two potential spaces located in the supracolic compartment are?

Subhepatic and Subphrenic spaces

the right renal vein runs anterior to

the right renal artery

The pancreas extends from the _____ to the _____

epigastrium to the left hypochondriac region

The head lies more _____ than the body and tail

inferior

The pancreas is posterior to the

stomach

What duct courses through the pancreas

The main pancreatic duct

What structures are anterior to the pancreas?

Stomach, first part of the duodenum, transverse colon,

What structures are posterior to the pancreas?

splenic vein, SMA, SMV, Aorta, IVC, prevertebral connective tissue, and spine

What structures are lateral to the pancreas

spleen and kidney

What structures are medial to the pancreas?

C-loop of the duodenum

which vessel courses posterior to the SMA and anterior to the aorta

Left renal vein

What is the gateway to the liver referencing?

The porta hepatic