CPH Lec Week 12

African monkeys, apes, and chimpanzees

HIV is related to viruses in ___, ___, and ___

Zoonisis

HIV is related to a mutation called ___ likely allowed the virus to jump from animals to humans

urbanization, population growth, civil wars, sexual behavior, and international air travel

Social factors like ___, ___, ___, and changes in ___, combined with ___, contributed to the rapid global spread of HIV/AIDS by the 1980s

1969 ; Robert Rayford

Early cases in the U.S. trace back to the early 1970s, with the first confirmed U.S. case in ___ (___, who died at 16)

RNA

HIV is a retrovirus which uses ___ as its genetic material instead of DNA

CD4-T lymphocytes

HIV targets ___ (T4 cells), which play a key role in the immune system

200/mm3

HIV infection progresses over years, with symptoms appearing when T4 cell count drops below ___, marking the onset of AIDS

unprotected sex, needle sharing, and birth or breastfeeding

HIV is primarily spread through ___, ___, and from mother to child during ___ or ___

Initial Phase of HIV

• Upon infection, a person may experience mild, flu-like symptoms for a few weeks

• The virus is present in body fluids and can be transmitted easily during this time by sex or other risky behaviors

• The immune system produces antibodies to fight viruses

Latent Phase of HIV

• The virus becomes latent, hiding in the DNA of the T4 cells, and the immune system battles to control it

• During this period, the person may feel healthy, but millions of T4 cells are still being destroyed daily

• The virus is still active and transmissible, though at a lower rate than the initial phase

opportunistic infections

Individuals infected with HIV becomes vulnerable to ___

antibodies

The 1985 screening tests detects HIV ___, helping diagnose individuals and monitor HIV spread

antiretroviral therapy

The first ___ (AZT) was approved in 1987, inhibiting the replication of HIV by targeting an enzyme critical to the virus’s life cycle

Protease inhibition ; Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

___ (1995) and combination therapies (HAART: ___) have dramatically improved patient survival by attacking different stages of viral replication

lipodystrophy

HIV Treatment have side effects like ___ (fat redistribution) affect about 40% of patients using protease inhibitors

Inbokodo and Mosaico

As of 2019, several HIV vaccine candidates are in phase 3 trials, including ___ and ___, with thousands of volunteers worldwide

Initial Symptoms of Ebola

Ebola Phase:

• Fever fatigues, muscle pain, headache, sore throat

Progressing Symptoms of Ebola

Ebola Phase:

• Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, unexplained bleeding (from gums, nose, or under the skin)

Severe Symptoms of Ebola

Ebola Phase:

• Organ failure, hemorrhagic manifestations (severe bleeding) shock, coma

• Ebola symptoms often worsen quickly and can be fatal without medical treatment

Lingering symptoms of Ebola Survivors

Ebola Phase:

• Survivors may still carry the virus, particularly in semen, and are advised to use condoms

• Eye infections and other after effects (fatigue, joint pain, hearing loss) have been reported

Fruit Bats

___ in African jungles are thought to be the Ebola’s natural reservoir

Richard Prestons’s The Hot Zone

RESTON, VIRGINIA INCIDENT

• Monkeys infected with Ebola virus were imported from the Philippines

• Several lab workers were exposed, but the strain did not cause illness in humans

• This event inspired ___

Funeral customs

Some ___ (touching and kissing dead bodied) helped spread the virus

Thomas Eric Duncan ; October 08, 2014

2014 WEST AFRICA OUTBREAK

• First case in the U.S. was a Liberian man (___) visited Texas in September 2014, eventually died of Ebola on ___

Dr. Craig Spencer

2014 WEST AFRICA OUTBREAK

• ___, who worked in Guinea was the second U.S. case, recovered in New York

rVSV-ZEBOV

2016, vaccine ___ developed, offering near-complete protection if given a week before exposure

REGN-EB3 and mAb-114

2018-2019, new treatments, ___ and ___, showed a 90% cute rate, reducing mortality significantly for Ebola

October 2014

In ___, New York and New Jersey imposed mandatory quarantines for healthcare workers returning from West Africa

Kaci Hickox

___, a nurse returning from Sierra Leone, was quarantined despite being symptom-free and testing negative for Ebola

1999

West Nile Virus

• First reported in New York in ___ spreading across the U.S.

encephalitis or meningitis

West Nile Virus

• mild symptoms like fever and headache in most cases, but about 1 in 150 infected people develop severe symptoms like ___ or ___, which can be fatal or cause long-term impairments (fatigue, memory loss, etc)

mosquitoes ; birds

West Nile Virus

• spread by ___ that bite infected ___, which are the primary host.

West Nile Virus

most common mosquito-borne disease in the country

microcephaly and severe neurological damage

Zika Virus

• Mild symptoms in adults (fever, rash, joint pain), but devastating for pregnant women, often causing ___ and ___ in fetuses

Aedes mosquitoes

Zika Virus is spread by ___

Monkeypox

Resembling smallpox, with less severe symptoms in humans. The disease was not highly contagious

acute respiratory distress

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• in New Mexico, hantavirus caused sudden deaths in young adults with ___

deer and mice

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• carried by ___ and ___, especially during a wet winter when their population surged.

mouse droppings

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• Humans contracted the virus through exposure to ___

rats or mice

Rodent Carried Hemorrhagic Fevers

• Rodent, all of these hemorrhagic fevers are carried by rodents, specifically ___ or ___, which serve as the primary reservoirs of the viruses

Machupo Virus

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, is confined to Bolivia

Junin Virus

Argentine hemorrhagic fever, is found mainly in Argentina

Lassa Virus

Most common in West Africa, especially in countries lice Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia

flavivirus

Yellow Fever

• Yellow fever virus (a ___)

Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes

Yellow Fever

• Primarily through ___ and ___

Yellow Fever

Mosquito Borne Disease

• SYMPTOMS: Fever, jaundice, organ failure

Equine Encephalitis

Mosquito Borne Disease

• SYMPTOMS: Fever, headache, neurological symptoms like confusion, seizures

Dengue Fever

Mosquito Borne Disease

• SYMPTOMS: High fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, joint pain, rash

Togaviridae

Equine Encephalitis

• Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (family ___)

Culex mosquitoes

Equine Encephalitis

• Spread by ___, mainly to horses but can affect humans in rare cases

flavivirus

Dengue Virus

• Dengue virus (___)

Aedes aegypti

Dengue Virus

• Aedes mosquitoes (mainly ___)

Civet Cats and Humans

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

• Hosts: ___ and ___

SARS-CoV-1 RNA ; Serology

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

• TESTING: PCR for ___, ___

Humans ; bats

COVID 19

• Hosts: ___, possibly ___ as the original host

viral RNA, Rapid antigen tests, Serology

COVID 19

• TESTING: PCR testing for ___, ___, ___(IgM/gG)

Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna

COVID 19

• Vaccines: ___ and ___

Migratory birds

Avian Flu

• ___ Likely carried virus to North America, mixing with local strains.

ferrets

Avian Flu

• 2011 RESEARCH: Created transmissible avian flu in ___, raising biosecurity concerns

HIV

Major Infectious Disease

• ___

• Ebola

• West Nile Virus

• Zika Virus

• Monkeypox

• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• Rodent Carried Hemorrhagic Fevers

Ebola

Major Infectious Disease

• HIV

• ___

• West Nile Virus

• Zika Virus

• Monkeypox

• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• Rodent Carried Hemorrhagic Fevers

West Nile Virus

Major Infectious Disease

• HIV

• Ebola

• ___

• Zika Virus

• Monkeypox

• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• Rodent Carried Hemorrhagic Fevers

Zika Virus

Major Infectious Disease

• HIV

• Ebola

• West Nile Virus

• ___

• Monkeypox

• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• Rodent Carried Hemorrhagic Fevers

Monkeypox

Major Infectious Disease

• HIV

• Ebola

• West Nile Virus

• Zika Virus

• ___

• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• Rodent Carried Hemorrhagic Fevers

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Major Infectious Disease

• HIV

• Ebola

• West Nile Virus

• Zika Virus

• Monkeypox

• ___

• Rodent Carried Hemorrhagic Fevers

Rodent Carried Hemorrhagic Fevers

Major Infectious Disease

• HIV

• Ebola

• West Nile Virus

• Zika Virus

• Monkeypox

• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• ___

Yellow Fever

Mosquito Born Diseases

• ___

• Equine Encephalitis

• Dengue Fever

Equine Encephalitis

Mosquito Born Diseases

• Yellow Fever

• ___

• Dengue Fever

Dengue Fever

Mosquito Born Diseases

• Yellow Fever

• Equine Encephalitis

• ___

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Emergence of New Pathogens

• ___

• COVID-19

• Influenza

COVID-19

Emergence of New Pathogens

• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

• ___

• Influenza

Influenza

Emergence of New Pathogens

• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

• COVID-19

• ___

flesh-eating bacteria, toxic shock, and fulminating pneumonia

Group-1 Staphylococcus Once easily treated with penicillin, Group A Streptococcus has become more virulent, causing conditions like ___, ___, and ___

Group-1 Staphylococcus

This strain was responsible for Jim Henson's sudden death in 1990

scarlet fever and rheumatic fever

Group-1 Staphylococcus were common in the early 20th century, causing ___ and ___. Its resurgence is unclear.

undercooked ground beef

Escherichia coli is a deadly strain that emerged in 1993, particularly found in ___, leading to kidney failure in children and the elderly

Shiga toxin

This strain of E. coli acquired a ___ gone from another bacterium, making it more dangerous

jumping gene

Escherichia coli

• The "___" phenomenon, where genes for toxins move between different bacterial species, is also seen in cholera and diphtheria bacteria E. coli

plasmids

Escherichia coli

• Antibiotic resistance is driven by natural mutations in bacteria, which then spread among the same species or even across different species via ___(small pieces of DNA)

superbugs

Widespread use of antibiotics in animal feeds promotes bacterial resistance and contributes to the development of "___”

Salmonella and Campylobacter

___ and ___ cause an estimated 2.5 million cases of foodborne illness annually in the U.S.

erythromycin

Antibiotic resistance in these bacteria has been linked to the use of antibiotics in animal feed, with increasing resistance to common antibiotics like ___.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

___ is a major issue in hospitals and nursing homes, where it spreads easily from patient to patient

aerosol

TB spreads through ___ (coughing, close contact)

Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDRTB)

___ is nearly untreatable, with a 50%+ fatality rate

three-drug treatment

XDR-TB

• A 2019 breakthrough showed a 90% success rate with a ___.

Creutzfelt Jakob Disease

Rare, fatal disorder causing dementia and brain tissue damage

prions

Creutzfelt Jakob Disease

• Caused by ___, not viruses or bacteria

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Creutzfelt Jakob Disease may cause ___

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome

Rare genetic prion disease

Fatal Familial Insomnia

Another rare genetic prion disease

Kuru

Spread through eating deceased relatives' organs in Papua New Guinea

shaking or trembling

Kuru Means ___ or ___

Chronic Wasting Disease

Affects North American deer and moose; potential human risk is rare.

Anthrax Attack

Confirmed bioterrorism threat with anthrax spores mailed to U.S. government offices

Soviet Union

Developed smallpox delivery systems for missiles

Iraq

Produced anthrax spores and botulinum toxin for missile warheads

Aum Shinrikyo

Released sarin gas in Tokyo subway and experimented with aerosolized anthrax

Oregon Salmenellosis

751 infected intentional salad bar contamination

covert

Biological agents are ___