Biology Exam (Vertebrates and invertebrates)

The common ancestor of animals was the flagellate protozoa

Choanoflagellate

All animals are ___ organisms

Multicellular (consist of many cells)

Majority of animal dominant generation is

Diploid (2n)→ each cell has double chromosomes or 2n, except some insects (parthogenic organisms) that are haploid (n) due to parthogenesis (production of offspring without fertilization)

All animals are ___ organisms

Heterotrophic (must get food from others by injection)

All animals lack

A cell wall (the outermost cell membrane)

Animals very in __ and __

Form and size; from simple microscopic to complex enormous organisms

Most animals reproduce __

Sexually by fertilization of haploid, egg, and haploid sperm to produce deployed organisms

More evolved

How is diversity of animals shown by their habitat

They can live in almost every place; hot, cold, desert, forest, water, land

They can adapt; advanced in evolution

Animals have a fixed __

Body plan (radial symmetrical body, bilateral symmetrical body, asymmetrical body)

Animals are diverse in their morphology (shape/form)

Animals offspring pass-through __

Developmental stages; are simple, but others are complex complex (for example: metamorphosis)

Based on the presence of body tissues, animals (metazoan) are divide into how many groups

2

Parazoa: do not have body tissues

Eumetazoa: do have body tissues

What are the four distinct types of body tissue that hired level animals such as mammals have?

Epithelial tissue: lines, covers, and protect body and secret products

Connective tissue: cells embedded in an extracellular, matrix; transports, connects, and protects

Muscle tissue: generates power for movement

Nervous tissue: coordinates movement and sensations

After fertilization, the zygote will perform mitotic cell division is called

Cleavage

What is the cleavage to form a blastula called?

Blastulation

What is a blastula

Ball of cells from 32-64 cells

What is the empty space of a blastula called?

Blastocoel

The blastula performs ___ to produce gastula

Gastrulation: a series of cleavage to form a gastrula

What is invagination?

The process of creating the blastophore hole

Part of the gastrula layers will invaginate to create a hole/pore called

Blastophore

What is the embryonic gut called?

Archenteron

After the invagination the gastrula will have two or three embryonic layers. What are the three embryonic layers?

1) ectoderm (outerlayer): develop into the skin, brain, and spinal cord

2) mesoderm (middle layer): anything between the skin and gut; heart, liver, lung, bone, muscle; most lower animals do not have the middle layer

3) endoderm (inner layer): develop into the gut/digestive tract

Based on embryonic germ layers, animals are divided into

Diploblastic: have two layers: ectoderm and endoderm

Triploblastic: have three layers: exotherm, mesoderm, endoderm

Based on body symmetry, animals are divided into

Asymmetrical (no symmetry), radial symmetry (many symmetry: many equal parts), bilateral symmetry (two symptoms: equal left and right parts)

Radiata are divided into

Cnidaria (jelly fish family) and Ctenophora (comb jelly family)

Based on body cavities, animals are divided into

Acoelmates (no body cavity) and coelmates (have true body cavity)

Based on origin of mouth and anus, animals are divided into

Protosomes (blastophore forms mouth) and deutersome (blastophore forms anus)

Protosomes are divided into

Lophotrochozoa (either have trochophore larvae or lophophore feeding structure) and Ecdyozoa (molt their exoskeleton)

Deuterostomes are divided into

Echinodermata (spiky skin, star like with five symmetrical body plan) and chordata (have chordata dorsalis)

Animals are divided into

Invertebrates: do not have a backbone

Vertebrates: have a backbone

About 97% of animals do not have vertebrae or backbones or also known as

Invertebrates

Phylum ___ consist of animals that do not have body tissue and have an asymmetrical body

Porifera or foraminifera

One example of phylum Porifera is the Parazoa that is also known as

Sponges

Sponges are ___ the trap particles in water with specialized cells called ___

Filter-feeders; choanocytes

The central space of sponge is called ___ that has an opening called the ___ where the water exits the sponge body

Spongocoel; osculum

Water enters into the spongocoel through a channel called

Ostium/ostia

How many types of cells are there in the sponge body?

Eight

Which cell generates water current, and filtered the food particles

Choanocytes

Which cell secretions collagen

Lophocytes

Which cell is the egg cells?

Oocytes

Which cell are the sperm cells?

Spermocytes

Which cells control water flow through the ostia

Porocytes

Which cell delivers nutrients to other cells

Ameobocytes

Which type of cells secrete silica spicules (spikes)

Sclerocytes

Which cells formed the outer covering of the sponge body

Pinacocytes

What are the two types of reproductions of the sponge?

Asexual reproduction: budding

Sexual reproduction: releases gametes (egg, and sperms) in the water to form zygotes and larvae, which then grow into adults attached to the ocean reef or bottom

What are the two stages of many aquatic invertebrates?

Medusa: larva stage; floating in water

Polyp: adult stage; sessile (attached to the ocean reed or floor)

Which phylum members have a radial symmetrical body

All members of phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora

Phylum Cnidaria is divided into how many classes

4

Class Anthozoa: polyp only. Do not have Medusa larvae; examples include sea anemones

Class Scyphozoa: medusa prominent; example include jellyfish

Class Cubozoa: box shaped Medusa is dominant and poisonous; examples include box jellies

Class Hydrozoa: polyp only and Medusa are present; examples include hydra and Portuguese man of war

Comb jellies are example of members of phylum

Ctenophora

Characteristics of the phylum Acoela

Do not have body cavity

Start of triploblastics

Examples include Kalyptochynchia (primitive flatworm)

Some put into phylum platyhelminthes

Development of head region called the ___ in animal kingdom he started to be found in the phylum ___

Cephalization; platyhelminthes

how mang classes is the phylum platyhelminthes (flatworms) divided into

3

Class turbellaria: planaria (free living)

Class trematoda: flukes (parasites)

Class Cestoda: beef and pork tapeworms (parasites)

Most members of phylum ___ are microscopic animals and members of zooplankton (floating micro animals)

Rotifera

Characteristics of phylum ectoprocta (bryozoa)

Ciliates

Characteristics of the phylum brachiopoda

Look like clam/muscle but shell is symmetrical/even

Phylum ___ already has a complete digestive system

Mollusca

What are the three main body parts of phylum mollusca

Mantle: secretes hard shell

Muscular foot: for movement; the head is part of this muscular organ

Visceral mass: protected under the shell where soft organs are located

How many classes is the phylum mollusca divided into?

Class polyplacophora (chitons): have multiple overlapping shells

Class gastropoda: belly foot; examples include snails and sludge

Class cephalopoda: head foot; examples include octopus, squid, and nautilus

Class bivalvia: two valves; examples include clams, muscles, and oysters

Characteristic of phylum nematoda

Roundworms; parasitic in humans

Pseudocoelomates

How many classes are the phylum Annelida (ring worms) divided into

3

Class oligochaeta: earthworm

Class Hirudinae: leeches

Class Polychaeta: marine worms

Phylum arthropoda (chest foot) is divided into how many sub phyla

4

Subphylum hexapoda: six legs; three body sections (head, thorax, abdomen) examples include insects- ants, mosquitoes, butterflies, house, flies, bees, bugs

Subphylum myripoda: countless legs; examples include centipedes (Chilopods - one set of legs per segment) and millipedes (diplopods- two sets of legs per segment)

Subphylum Crustacea: examples include shrimp, prawns, lobsters, crabs, crayfish

Subphylum chelicerata: claw horn; examples include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and horse crab

Phylum Echinodermata (spiny skin) is divided into how many classes

5

Class Asteroidea: star shape; examples include sea stars

Class ophiuroidea: brittles; example examples include brittle star

Class echinoidea; examples include sand dollar and sea urchin

Class crinoidea: samples include sea lilies

Class holothuroidea: examples include sea cucumbers

Phylum chordata (have chorda dorsalis) is divided into how many sub-phyla

Subphylum urochordata: tail chordata; example examples include tunicates (sea squirts)

Subphylum cephalochordata: head chordata; examples include lancelets

Subphylum vertebrata: back bones; examples include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

What are the invertebrate Cordata?

Subphylum urochordata and Subphylum cephalochordata

They have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, post anal tail, and pharyngeal gill slits

What are the five characteristics of vertebrates?

1) they are Eumetazoa (have tissue) → higher brewery have four distinct two types; epithelial, tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

2) they are triploblastic (have three embryonic layers) → ectoderm (skin; brain and spinal cord), mesoderm (all organs between the skin and gut; lungs, liver, heart, bone and muscle), endoderm (gut/digestive tract)

3) Bilateria: have bilateral symmetry

4) coelmates (have body cavities): two main types of body cavities in higher vertebrates→ dorsal body cavity (cranial cavity and vertebral canal) and ventral body cavity (thoracic cavity and abdominal pelvic cavity)

5) deuterosomes: blastophore develope into anus

For physical characteristics at some point during development

Notocord→ in vertebrates, develops into vertebrae

Dorsal hollow nerve cord→in vertebrates, develops into spinal cord

Pharyngeal gill slits→ developed into gill support for vertebrate fish; in tetrapods (four limp vertebrates) develops into parts and tonsils

Post-anal tail→humans still have one tailbone

What are the five classes of the subphylum vertebrata?

Class pisces: fish

Class amphibia: amphibians

Class reptilia: reptiles

Class aves: birds

Class mammalia: mammals

Fish, amphibians, and reptiles are ___ because their body temperature changes depending on their environment

Ectothermic

Mammals and birds are __ because they can control their constant body temperature

Endothermic

class pisces is divided into how many subclasses

2

Subclass Agnatha: fish without jaws; examples include hagfish, and lamprey

Subclass Gnathostome: fish with jaws

Subclass Gnathosome (jaw fish) is divided into how many groups

2

Chondrichthys: cartilaginous fish; examples include sharks and stingrays→ dominant predators of the ocean, skeleton made of cartilage, evolution of teeth

Osteichthys: bonefish→ gills covered by operculum, has a swim bladder that helps with buoyancy, has a lateral line to detect movements and vibrations than the water

Characteristics of sharks

Have keen sense of smell

Have Ampullae of Lorenzini (around head) they detect electromagnetic fields of living things

Have a lateral line: detect movements, and vibrations and water

No operculum: has 5 to 7 pairs of gills exposed to the water

Osteichthys is divided into how many types

2

Actinopterygii: Ray finner fish; examples include most of the fish, such as bluegill, tuna, carp, and bass

Sacropterygii: lobe fin fish; ation to migrate to land/developed into land animals; examples include coelacanth (bone structures in pectoral fins) and tiktaalik

What is considered the ancestor of amphibians?

Tiktaalik→ link between lobe finned fish, and four legged amphibians

Characteristic of amphibians

Most are terapods (have 4 legs) except apoda

Live on land and water

Have anatomical structure that help them breathe in air and water: cutaneous respiration (skin has to stay moist for gas exchange, help them breathe 02, while still in the water), some amphibians also have lungs to breathe on land, some amphibians have gills to breathe in water

Eggs are laid in water

Class amphibia is divided into how many orders

Order Urodela: salamanders; have gills and somehow have lungs. Internal fertilization.

Order Anura: frogs and toads (no tail; external fertilization; larvae/tadpoles have gills and adult frogs/toads have lungs)

Order Apoda: caecilians (legless amphibians)

Reptiles, birds, and mammals are grouped into ___ due to the presence of an amniotic sac that protects their embryo

Amniotes

The first amniotes developed from amphibian ancestors approximately how many years ago

340 million years ago

Amniotes are divided into how many groups based on the presence of the temporal fenestra on their skull

Suropsids: no temporal fenestra or have two temporal fenestra→ Anapsids (no temporal fenestra, turtles), and diapsids (2 temporal fenestra, birds and reptiles)

Synapsids: 1 temporal fenestra, mammals

Characteristic of dinosaurs

Dominant vertebrae until 65 million years ago

may have been endothermic

more closely related to modern day, birds and crocodiles and not as much to other modern day reptiles

characteristic of reptiles

Tetrapods (has four legs) except for snake snakes that have secondarily lost their leg legs

Scaly skin

Ectotherms: body heat is dependent on the environment

Class reptilia is divided into how many orders

Order crocodilia: crocodiles and alligators

Order sphenodonta: tuatara (only two living species in Australia)

Order squamata: lizards and snakes

Order testudines: turtles and tortoises

What was considered the ancestor of birds?

Archaeopteryx

What are some characteristics of birds that enable them to fly?

Feathers: modified skills; also aid in insulation

Hollow bones: lighter bones

Sternum in the shape of keel: chest bone that is suitable for flying

Air sacs → lung structure that enable the birds to breathe efficiently during flight

Characteristic of birds

Birds are more closely related to dinosaurs than modern day reptiles: archaeopteryx is an important fossil that is intermediate to birds and dinosaurs

What is the ancestor of mammals?

Therapsids

What are the two main features that define mammals

Hair: cover the skin and mammal’s body

Mammary glands: produce milk for the offspring

Class mammalia is invited into how many sub classes

3

Subclass prototheria (monotremata): lay eggs, no teeth: platypus, and echidnas

Subclass: metatheria (marsupials): embryo continues to develop in the pouch: kangaroo

Subclass Eutheria (placentae): embryo develop in uterus and born with complete structure: other mammals such as humans

An example an order of sub class Eutheria (placentae) is order

primate which consist of lemurs, monkeys, apes, and human humans

Order primates consist of how many sub orders

Prosimians: smaller brain, nocturnal. Example include lemurs and bush babies.

Anthropoids; bigger brain, some nocturnal while others are diurnal. Examples include monkeys, apes, and humans.

Human is grouped into family

Homindae or ape family; has no tail, spend mostly time on the ground, and has more intelligence

What is considered the closest human relative based on evolution

Chimpanzee/chimps