LO's for Final

Four parts of medical terms

prefixes: beginning of the word

suffixes: end of the word

word root: give meaning to the word

combining vowels: connect word roots to other word roots and suffixes

Four steps to dissect a medical term

First: break word into parts: prefixes, suffixes, word roots, combining vowels with slashes

Second: label what word part they are at the top

Third: give the meaning of the word parts at the bottom

Fourth: write the whole meaning of the word

Correct order to read word parts

start with suffix, followed by prefix, and read across until the suffix

Combining Vowel and Suffixes

when suffix starts with a consonant the CV is kept

when suffix starts with a vowel the CV is dropped

Combining Vowel and another WR

if other WR starts with vowel or consonant then the CV is kept

What is a macron?

a long dash above a vowel, long vowel sound for the vowel

What is a breve?

a “u” shaped symbol above a vowel, short vowel sound for the vowel

Phonetic spelling has Capital letters

Capital letters signify that those letters have more stress (drawn out pronunciation)

Singular ends in A

for plural keep A and add E

Singular ends in AX

for plural drop X and add CES

Singular ends in EN

for plural drop EN and add INA

Singular ends in IS

for plural drop IS and add ES

Singular ends in IX

for plural drop IX and add ICES

Singular ends in EX

for plural drop EX and add ICES

Singular ends in MA

for plural keep MA and add TA

Singular ends in ON

for plural drop ON and add A

Singular ends in UM

for plural drop UM and add A

Singular ends in US

for plural drop US and add I

Singular ends in Y

for plural drop Y and add IES

Different levels of organization and definitions

cell: most basic

tissue: similar cells work together for a function

organ: which are made up of tissues to achieve a specific function

organ system: organs that work together for a common function

organism: made of complex organ systems

Different body cavities

cranial

spinal

thoracic

diaphragm

abdominal

pelvic

abdominopelvic

how does a pathogen travel between cavities?

through the blood and lymphatic vessels or through connected cavities like abdominopelvic cavity

What is anatomical position?

where the person is standing straight, with palms facing up and feet straight

midline

line in the exact middle of the body

medial

closer to midline

lateral

to the side or farther from midline

proximal

closer to limb root

distal

farther from limb root

superior and other words for it

above or closer to the head

cranial or cephalic

inferior and other word for it

below; farther from head; closer to the tail (feet)

caudal

posterior and other word for it

back of the body

dorsal

anterior and other word for it

front of the body

ventral

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

farther from the surface of the body

prone

lying on the belly and facing down

supine

looking up and lying flat on back

sagittal

a plane of the body separating the body into right and left parts

frontal and another word for it

a plane of the body separating the body into anterior and posterior parts

coronal

transverse and another word for it

a plane of the body separating the body into superior and inferior portions

axial or horizontal

midsagittal

a plane of the body that divides the body into equal right and left parts

How to determine the right and left of a image in transverse plane?

my right is patients left and my left is patients right and we are looking at image from feet up

nine abdominopelvic regions

four abdominopelvic quadrants

What is integumantary system composed of?

skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous (oil) glands

three layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

epidermis

the top layer of skin and doesn’t have any blood vessels or nerves

dermis

below the epidermis and has blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands

hypodermis

below the dermis and has blood vessels and subcutaneous tissue

Accessory organs (of integumentary system)

sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands that produce sweat

sebaceous glands

oil glands that secrete oil through hair follicles

hair

important for temperature regulation and sensation

nails

important for protection

functions of the integumentary system

protection, waste removal, temperature regulation, sensation

what structures contribute to the protection (integumentary system)

epidermis, hair, nails, sebaceous glands

what structures contribute to the waste removal (integumentary system)

epidermis, suderiferours glands

what structures contribute to the temperature regulation (integumentary system)

dermis, hypodermis, hair and suderiferours glands

what structures contribute to the sensation (integumentary system)

dermis, hypodermis, and hair

what are keratinocytes and where are they found

cells that produce horny (hard) tissue called keratin

found in epidermis

what are basal cells

deepest cells and above the dermis

what are squamous cells

flat cells and at the top layer of epidermis

what are melanocytes and where are they found

cells that produce melanin

found at border of epidermis and dermis

what is melanin, where is it produced, and what is its function

is a skin pigment ranging from orange-red to brown-black

produced in melanosomes vesicles inside the melanocytes

function is to protect fro UV radiation

How are individuals with darker and lighter skin different in terms of the number of

melanocytes and the amount/type of melanin?

everyone has the same amount of melanocytes

the different amount of melanin gives different skin colors

darker skin is due more melanin that’s darker

lighter skin is due to less melanin that’s lighter

non-melanoma

a type of skin cancer that’s more common but less aggressive

melanoma

a type of skin cancer developed in melanocytes that’s less common but more aggressive, and is a change in an existing mole or new abnormal growth

basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma

are a non-melanoma cancer meaning that it isn’t developed in melanocytes

how to check for melanoma

ABCDE test

ABCDE test

Asymmetry

Border irregularity

Color changes

Diameter increases

Evolution in size, color, or shape

erythema

skin turns red, due to increase in blood in dermis because of heat release, trauma, infection

pallor

paleness due to decrease in blood in dermis because of heat conservation, low blood pressure, and anemia

Cyanosis

blue skin color due to low oxygen, respiratory or heart problems

contusion

black and blue skin due to a rupture of blood vessels causing blood to pool in tissues

brusie

jaundice

yellow color of skin due to increased bilirubin in blood, liver disease, or blockage of bile ducts, or in babies as liver isn’t developed yet

structures of respiratory system and function

nose: for breathing and smell

nasal cavity: through which air travels to lungs

pharynx: a tube that connects to larynx

larynx: for voice production

trachea: carries air to lungs

bronchi: branches that branch off trachea and carry air to alveoli

bronchioles: smaller branches connect bronchi alveoli, bring air to alveoli

alveoli: grape-like air sacs structures where gas exchange happens

diaphragm: breathing muscle

gas exchange

happens in alveoli capillaries

oxygen deficient blood from heart to lungs

oxygen rich blood from lungs to heart

O2 from alveoli to capillaries

CO2 from capillaries to alveoli

pleura

membrane that attaches either to body wall or lungs

parietal pleura

attaches to body wall

visceral pleura

attaches to internal organs (lungs for pleura)

pleura cavity

space between two pleurae (for the lungs in this case) has some fluid for suction with diaphragm to create a low pressure environment so sir can be drawn in

hilum of lung

is the place where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit lungs

tonsils

collections of lymphatic tissue made from infection fighting cells, located major orifices like nasal and oral cavities

adenoids

lymphatic tissue located superior to pharynx

atelectasis

incomplete dilation or a collapsed lung

general causes of atelectasis

obstruction from blockage of airway due to foreign body, tumor, mucus

fluid accumulation from blood, infection, congestive heart failure

air accumulation from pentrating chest wound

treatment for atelectasis

thoracocentesis, surgical puncture of chest that draws fluid or air from thoracic cavity

cystic fibrosis

genetic disorder that affects mucus producing cells

affects respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems

caused due to gene mutation that is inherited from parents

produces thick and sticky mucus that blocks up tracts causing body’s process to be affected

COPD and two conditions that contribute to it

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

two conditions that contribute are emphysema and chronic bronchitis

emphysema

caused due to smoking and damages alveoli causing a loss of lung tissue elasticity so gas exchange doesn’t work as effectively

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of bronchi and increases mucus production, causes inflammation and swelling of airways making them narrow and increased mucus production leads to blocked airways

can also be caused due to smoking

function of cardiovascular system

transport oxygen and nutrients through blood to tissues and CO2 and waste from tissues

two components of cardiovascular system

heart: pumps blood

blood vessels through which blood travels

systemic circulation

takes oxygenated blood from heart to tissues and de-oxygenated blood from tissues to heart

systemic arteries

blood vessels that go from heart to tissues with oxygen rich blood

systemic veins

blood vessels that go from tissues to heart with de-oxygenated blood

pulmonary circulation

where de-oxygenated blood is taken to lungs from heart

pulmonary artery

carries de-oxygenated blood from heart to lungs

pulmonary veins

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

structures of heart

superior vena cava: de-oxygenated blood from organs superior to heart comes through here

inferior vena cava: de-oxygenated blood from organs inferior to heart comes through here

right atrium: upper right side of heart (left if looking at picture) de-oxygenated blood present

right ventricle: lower right side of heart (left if looking at picture) de-oxygenated blood present

pulmonary artery: takes blood to lungs to become oxygenated

pulmonary veins: blood from lungs to heart that is oxygenated

left atrium: upper left side of heart (right if looking at picture) oxygenated blood present

left ventricle: lower left side of heart (right if looking at picture) oxygenated blood present

aorta: major blood vessel that that takes the oxygenated blood to tissues

arteries

have thick muscular layer, decreases in size as move away from heart, don’t have valves

transport oxygenated blood to tissues, but pulmonary artery which takes de-oxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs