Midterm II

What is Presbyopia?

Loss of vision on objects close to the viewer

What is a cause of Presbyopia?

Changes in protein within the lens that lead to thickening and hardening of the lens.

Is there treatment for Presbyopia?

There is no treatment due to the cause being unknown.

What is a current solution to Presbyopia?

Bifocal lenses

How can you alter the onset of Presbyopia?

Use of blue blocking lenses.

What are Cataracts?

A clouding or opacity in the lens.

What is a cause of Cataracts?

Gradual changes in the lens fibres as a natural part of the aging process.

What kind of health conditions can affect the development of Cataracts?

\-High blood pressure

\-High glucose levels

\-Excess blood lipids

What are some protective factors against Cataracts?

\-Blue blocking lenses

\-Beta Carotene

\-Vitamin C

What are some effects of Cataracts to an individual’s vision?

\-increased vision impairment both under low light, as acuity is reduced, and under conditions of bright light, as a result of increased susceptibility to glare

Is there a treatment for Cataracts?

Yes through Cataract Surgery.

What are the benefits of a Cataract Surgery?

\-Hour or less procedure

\-no hospital stay

\-recovery of vision within one to seven days

\-increased improvement in visions that some don’t need corrective lenses

What is Macular degeneration?

A condition caused by damage to photoreceptors located in the central region of the retina known as the macula.

What is impaired by macular degeneration?

Central vision

What are the two types of macular degeneration?

Dry and Wet form.

What is dry macular degeneration?

When individuals develop drusen in the macula, which are yellow deposits under the retina.

What is wet macular degeneration?

When blood vessels in the retina leak blood or fluid.

Is there treatment for macular degeneration?

There is no known treatment.

What are some preventative measures for macular degeneration?

\-beta carotene in diet

\-wearing glasses with UV and blue light protection

What is glaucoma?

A group of conditions causing blindness due to destruction of neurons leading from the retina to the optic nerve by increased pressure within the eyeball.

What is the most common development of glaucoma?

A gradual and painless development.

At what point is glaucoma commonly detected?

In the advanced stages.

What are some rare sudden symptoms of glaucoma?

\-blurred vision

\-loss of side vision perception

\-perception of coloured rings around lights

\-experience of pain or redness in the eyes

Can glaucoma be treated?

The cause of some forms of glaucoma can be controlled but not cured. Other forms may be treated successfully through surgery.

What type of aging is a factor for pesbyopia?

primary aging

What type of aging is a factor for cataracts?

secondary aging

What type of aging is a factor for macular degeneration?

secondary aging

What type of aging is a factor for glaucoma?

secondary aging

What is prebycusis?

When degenerative changes occur in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from the cochlea to the brain.

What are associated symptoms of prebycusis?

Loss of hearing of high pitched sounds due to receptor cells triggered by high-frequency stimuli are located toward the front of the cochlea.

What is the cochlea?

The sensory structure responsible for hearing, and the area that receives the most stimulation by noise waves in general.

What is a cause of presbycusis?

Metabolic changes that affect the tissue in the wall of the cochlea, leading to less amplification of sound.

What is sensory prebycusis?

A result of chronic noise exposure.

What are some prevention measures against prebycusis?

Reduce exposure to noise (E.g. loud concerts, blasting headphones, etc.)

What is tinnitus?

A symptom in which the individual perceives sounds in their head or ear (E.g. ringing noise) when there is no external source.

What is tinnitus commonly associated with?

Use of aspirin, antibiotics, and anti inflammatory agents.

What is a factor that can contribute to tinnitus?

Changes in the bones of the skull due to trauma and buildup of wax in the ear.

Are there treatments for tinnitus?

There are available treatments but no cure.

What happens to olfactory receptors over time?

The area of the olfactory epithelium shrinks with age, and ultimately reduces the total amount of receptors into the adult years.

How does touch change as individuals age?

Changes in receptors under the skin contribute to loss of touch.

What are gender differences for loss of touch?

Loss of touch in the hands is higher in men than women.

What are the effects of loss of sensitivity in the feet?

It can affect balance and other changes in the vestibular system, increasing the risk of falling.

What are the gender differences for height loss?

Females lose approximately 2” and males lose approximately 1”

What are some causes of height loss?

Postural changes and spinal compression (E.g. bone strength and disc changes).

What is a typical change of weight over the lifespan?

Gains then losses in adulthood.

What is the typical change in BMI over the lifespan?

An upside down U shape with a gradual increase of BMI in the middle and a gradyal decrease of BMI at the end.

What are typical changes in joints over the lifespan?

\-Ligaments become less elastic over time (less flexible joints)

\-Ligaments are prone to damage and tearing

What is osteoarthritis?

A condition where the cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones gradually deteriorate.

What are some treatments against osteoarthritis?

\-Excercise and weight control

\-Medications

\-Injections

\-Physical/occupational therapy

\-Surgery

What are common symptoms of osteoarthritis?

\-Pain

\-Tenderness

\-Stiffness

\-Swelling

\-Loss of flexibility

\-Grating sensations

\-Bone spurs

What is osteoporosis?

A disease characterized by low bone mass (amount) and deterioration of bone tissue (quality). (Secondary aging)

What are the gender differences for osteoporosis?

\-Women have less bone mass (than men)

\-Women have a greater rate of bone density decreases

\-Women have an insufficient dietary calcium during developmental years

\-Women have less weight bearing activities in developmental years

\-Women have lower levels of estrogen, especially before menopause

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What is sarcopenia?

Progressive age related loss of muscle tissue and strength.

What type of aging affects sarcopenia?

Primary Aging

What are characteristics of sarcopenia?

\-Greater loss of fast twitch fibers

\-slowed by strength training

\-increased risk of falls

\-increased risk of physical disability

What are multi factorial causes of sarcopenia?

\-Changed in hormones

\-Disuse

\-Chronic disease

\-Nutritional deficiencies

What factors affect balance in older individuals?

\-Declines in vestibular function (primary aging)

\-Declines in proprioception (primary aging)

\-Vertigo (secondary aging)

\-Dizziness (secondary aging)

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What is proprioception?

The perception of joint and body movement as well as position of the body, or body segments in space

What are some consequences of fear of falling?

\-More isolated

\-Less satisfied with life & more depressed mood

\-Felt much more frail

\-Were more likely to have previous falls

What are common causes for falling?

\-Accidents

\-Difficulties with walking gait or balance

\-Dizziness, vertigo, fainting, drop attacks

\-Postural hypertension

What are some risk factors for falling?

\-Muscle weakness

\-Balance defecit

\-Walking gait defecit

\-Mobility limitations

\-Vision problems

\-Postural hypertension

What are some prevention measures against falling?

\-Identify and eliminate environmental risks in residence

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\-screening & treatment of gait and balance function probs (Assisstave devices)

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\-Strategies for dealing with orthostatic hypotension

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\-Exercise program focused on strength and balance

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\-Review and modify medication

What are general trends of sociocultural norms when it comes to appearance?

\-women of all ages are more concerned about their appearance than men

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\-concern for appearance declines as men and women age

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\-global & appearance related self esteem increases as men & women age

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\-Men’s body function more strongly related to depression and positive/negative feelings than women

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\-Women’s appearance more strongly related to depression

What are three factors of SES that influence the concept of body image?

\-Spending Power

\-Time Horizons

\-A means for social distinction

What are general trends of SES spending power when it comes to appearance?

\-Increases in income = greater investment into appearance “practices”

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\-Lower income = less importance given to appearance

What are general trends of SES Time Horizons when it comes to appearance?

\-Working class: Focus on short term investments in appearance (E.g. makeup, clothes, jewellery)

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\-Upper class: Focus on long term investments & inner beauty (e.g. posture, physical activity, speech, nutrition)

What are general trends of SES means of social distinction when it comes to appearance?

\-Lower SES:

* Appearance doesn’t impact social distinction

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\-Higher SES:

* Concerns with “Art of living”
* Concern for “Quality and excellence”
* Concern for “Inner beauty”

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What is lifespan?

Maximum longevity (lifespan) is the oldest age to which any individual of a species lives.

What is lifespan expectancy?

Average longevity (Average life expectancy) refers to the age at which half of the individuals born in a particular year will have died.

What factors influence life expectancy?

\-Genetics

\-Behaviour

\-Environment

What is active life expectancy?

Years living in a healthy state.

What is dependent life expectancy?

Remaining years living in a dependent state.

What does research on stress and telomeres tell us?

\-Stress may shorten telomeres

\-Exercise may have perceived stress that is unrelated to telomere length

What has chronic stress been related to?

\-Wound healing

\-Vaccination response

\-Chronic inflammation (increased risk of morbidity

\-Mortality

What is immunosenescence?

The gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by natural age advancement.

What are some effects of changes to the immune system in older adults?

\-More susceptible to certain infections

\-Much higher risk of cancer

\-Benefit less from immunizations

\-Immune systems take longer to build up immune defenses

\-More prone to serious consequences from illness

\-Immune system can begin attacking the body itself (autoimmunity)

What is atherosclerosis?

A disease where fatty deposits collect at an abnormally high rate substantially reducing the width of arteries and limiting the circulation of blood.

What is Coronory (Ischemic) heart disease?

A condition caused by atherosclerosis, which blocks the blood supply to the heart muscle.

What is myocardial infarction?

The acute condition in which blood supply to the part of the heart muscle (the myocardium) is severely reduced or blocked.

What is hypertension?

Suffering from an abnormally elevated blood pressure.

What is Congestive heart failure?

A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the need of the body’s other organs.

What are risk factors for Cardiac diseases?

\-Tobacco use

\-Alcohol use

\-Unhealthy diet

\-Sedentary lifestyle

\-Obesity

What is a cerebrovascular accident?

Also known as a stroke, it is an acute condition in which the artery leading to the brain bursts or is clogged by blood clot or other particle.

What is a Transient ischemic attack?

Also called a ministroke, is caused by the temporary blockage of a the artery where the tissues that were deprived of blood soon recover, but chances are that another TIA will follow. Symptoms will typically last less than 24 hours.

What are ischaemic strokes caused by?

Blockages which cut off the supply to parts of the brain.

What are Haemorragic strokes caused by?

When a blood vessel bursts within or on the surface of the brain.

What are some prevention strategies against Cardiac and Cerebrovascular conditions?

\-Healthy heart diet (E.g. fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains, olive oil, minimum intake of red meat and dairy foods, moderate intake of red wine during meals, etc.)

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\-Novel approaches such as using music to aid in relaxation

What is diabetes?

A chronic disease in which the body cannot produce insulin, does not make enough insulin, or can not properly use the insulin it produces (called insulin insensitivity).

What is type 1 Diabetes?

A chronic disease in which the body can not produce insulin.

What demographics does type 1 diabetes typically develop in?

It generally develops in childhood & adolescents.

Can type 1 diabetes be treated?

It can be treated with insulin, diet planning, and excercise.

What is type 2 diabetes?

Can not properly use the insulin it produces (called insulin insensitivity) or does not make enough.

What demographics does type 2 diabetes typically develop in?

Mostly in adults.

Can type 2 diabetes be treated?

It can be managed by physical activity, dietary planning, & if necessary medication and or insulin.

How does high blood sugar contribute to diabetes related complications?

\-Damage to and narrowing of arteries

\-Nerve damage

\-Chronic kidney disease

\-Lower limb amputation

\-Diabetic reitnopathy→ blindness

\-Heart attack

\-Stroke

\-Erectile dysfunction

\-Death

What are characteristics of gestational diabetes?

Impacts approximately 20% of pregnant women and can be managed by diet, exercise, and medication.

What are the sign and symptoms of diabetes

\-Unsusual thirst

\-Frequent urination

\-Weight change (gain or loss)

\-Extreme fatigue or lack of energy

\-Blurred vision

\-Frequent or recurring infections

\-cuts and bruises that are slow to heal

\-tingling and numbness in the hands or feet

\-trouble getting or maintaining an erection

What are some prevention strategies against diabetes?

\-Maintain a healthy weight through Physical activity and a healthy diet (whole grains, lean meat, fruits and veggies, cut sugar

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\-Screening over 40 years of age: note if there is higher than normal blood sugar which may be a sign of prediabetes

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\-Be aware of relatives with Type 2 and gestational diabetes when pregnant

What are some different barriers to diabetes self care?

\-Adherence: frequency of dose, type of therapy

\-Attitudes and beliefs:

* insulin therapy: a sign of failure
* Injections restrictive
* Meds will worsen condition
* Cultural beliefs

\-Comorbidities

\-Poor patient-practitioner communication and fit

* Language
* Collaborative effort
* Doctor shouldn’t downplay risk

\-(lack of) social support

\-Finances

What are common causes of cancer?

\-Most cancers start due to gene changes that happen over a person’s lifetime

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\-Most rarely, cancers start due to inherited faulty genes passed down in families