KIN 120 Midterm (UBC 2021)

hormone

a chemical messenger produced in the body and transported in the bloodstream to targeted cells or organs for specific regulation of their activities

Homeostasis

a state of stability and consistency in a person's physiological functioning

Stessor

A physical or psychological event or condition that produces physical and emotional reactions

stress response

the physiological changes associated with stress (acute or chronic)

Stress

the collective physiological and emotional responses to any stimulus that disturbs an individual's homeostasis

autonomic nervous system

the branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls basic body processes; consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Parasympathetic

moderates the excitatory effect of the sympathetic division (bodily functions)

sympathetic

reacts to danger or other challenges by accelerating body processes (fight or flight)

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system onto specific tissues to increase their function; involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation. Also a hormone, released by adrenal gland

endorcrine system

the system of glands, tissues and cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to influence metabolism and other body processes

Cortisol

a steroid hormone secreted by the cortex (outer layer) of the adrenal gland; also called hydrocortisone; depletes dopamine, which decreases activity in the pleasure pathways of the brain; reduced norepinephrine, leading to a lack of motivation and alertness; and lower serotonin, reducing feelings of happiness and well-being. Also exacerbates anxiety

Epinephrine

a hormone secreted by the medulla (inner core) of the adrenal gland and also neurotransmitter in medulla oblongata, that affects the functioning of organs involved in responding to a stressor; also called adrenaline

Dopamine

happy hormone

Serotonin

mood, sleep, digestion

Endorphins

have pain-inhibiting effects; produced by the pituitary gland (hormone) and hypothalamus (neurotransmitter, dopamine)

somatic nervous system

branch of the peripheral nervous system that governs motor functions and sensory information, largely under conscious control

Personality

the sum of behavioural, cognitive and emotional tendencies

General Adaptation Syndrome

a pattern of stress responses consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Eustress

stress resulting from a pleasant stressor

distress

stress resulting from an unpleasant stressor

allostatic load

the long-term negative impact of the stress response on the body

Gluconeogenesis

sugar production

Glucagon

hormone that raises blood glucose level/concentration

Insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood

Renin

hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure and impacts water retention

Vasopressin

nonapeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus; controls the body's somatic balance

Oxytocin

chemical messenger in the brain

Aldosterone

balances sodium and potassium in your blood

Antidiruretic hormone

helps to control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels

Ghrelin

gurgling feeling in the stomach when hungry

Leptin

Full feeling

Glucose

sugar levels

Atherosclerosis

a form of CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by plaque deposit; arteries become narrowed, and blood supply is reduced

plaque

A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall

heart attack

The damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries (myocardial infarction)

angina pectoris

heart muscle does not receive enough blood, causing severe pain in the chest, arm and/or shoulder

sudden cardiac death

a nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease

congestive heart failure

A condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body

Hypertension

sustained abnormally high blood pressure

LDL stands for

low-density lipoprotein

low-density lipoprotein

a lipoprotein containing a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; "bad" cholesterol

HDL stands for

high-density lipoprotein

High-density lipoprotein

a lipoprotein containing relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries; "good" cholesterol

Trigylcerides

a type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long-term use

RCT

converts bad LDL good HDL

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

decreased removal of LDL; bad cholesterol

visceral fat

the fat that surrounds your organs

Ischemia

blood vessels aren't able to provide enough oxygen to the tissues

FITT

frequency, intensity, time/duration, and type of activity

lymphatic system

a system of vessels that return proteins, lipids, and other substances from fluid in the tissues to the circulatory system

malignant tumor

a tumor that is cancerous and capable of spreading

benign tumor

a tumour that is not cancerous

Carcinogen

any substance that causes cancer

Oncogenes

a gene involved in the transformation of a normal cell in cancer cell

Pap test

a scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer

UV

light rays of specific wavelength, emitted by the sun mist UV rays are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere

Essential fat

fat incorporated in various tissues of the body that is critical for normal body functioning

Adipose tissue

connective tissue in which the fat is stored

Sodium Intake

recommended- 2300mg/day

population at risk (hypertension, middle aged/older adults, some ethnic groups)- 1500mg/day

Subcutaneous fat

fat located under the skin

visceral fat

fat located around major organs

BMI/Body Comp ranges

normal- 18.5-24.9

underweight-

intra-abdominal fat

fat located around the major organs, also called visceral fat

HDL ranges

normal- >60mg/dL

women middle- 40-59mg/dL

men middle- 50-59mg/dL

danger women-

BP ranges

normal: less than 120/80

pre HTN: 120-139/80-89

stage 1 HTN: 140-159/ 90-99

stage 2 HTN: greater than 160/ greater than 100

WHR ranges

ideal women-

RHR ranges

idk look it up too much lol

Glucose/Blood Sugar levels

fasting:

normal person without diabetes- 3.9-5.5mmol/L

with diabetes- 4.4-7.2mmol/L

1-2 hours after eating:

normal without diabetes- 7.8mmol/L

normal with diabetes- 10.0mmol/L

Drinks per day recommendation

2 drinks/day

exercise per week recommendation

150mins/week overall

- 30 mind of moderate-intensity physical activity 5 days/wk or 20 min of vigorous activity 3 days/wk, if not every day

- 8-10 muscular strengthening exercises (8-12 reps, 2-3 sets) at least 2 days per week

percentage body fat

the percentage of total body weight that is composed of fat

overweight

body weight above the recommended range for good health (BMI 25.0-29.9)

obesity

severely overweight, characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat; may also be defined in terms of some measure of total body weight or a body mass index of 30 or more

chronic inflammation

a response of blood vessels to harmful substances, such as germs, damaged cells, or irritants; can lead to heart disease, cancer, allergies, and muscle degeneration

fatty liver

increased fat storage in the liver that can lead to liver inflammation and failure

Amenorrhea

absent or infrequent menstruation, sometimes related to low levels of body fat and excessive quantity or intensity of exercise

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a measure of relative body weight correlating highly with more direct measures of body fat, calculated by dividing total body weight (in kilograms) by the square of body height (in meters)

calliper

a pressure-sensitive measuring instrument with two jaws that can be adjusted to determine thickness

eating disorders

a serious disturbance in eating patterns or eating-related behavior, characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight or body fat

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight at a minimally healthy level and an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat; self-starvation

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and then purging to prevent weight gain

body image

the mental representation a person holds about her or his body at any given moment in time, consisting of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions about the body

resting metabloic rate (RMR)

the energy equired (in calories) to maintain vital body function, including respiration, heart rate, body temperature and blood presssure while the body is at rest

metabolic syndrome

A cluster of symptoms present in many overweight and obese people greatly increases their risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses; symptoms include insulin resistance, abnormal blood fats, abdominal fat deposition (especially around waist), type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and chronic inflammation. (must have at least 3)

LDL ranges

optimal-

Purging

The use of vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise, restrictive dieting, enemas, diuretics, or diet pills to compensate for food that has been eaten and that the person fears will produce weight gain

binge eating disorder

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and a lack of control over eating behaviour in general

Health

the overall condition of body or mind and the presence or absence of illness or injury; can be determined or influenced by factors beyond your control (genes, age, and family history)

Wellness

ability to achieve optimal health and vitality; influenced by one's decisions of how you live

Determinants of health

the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status

Dimensions of Wellness (9)

physical, emotional, intellectual, interpersonal, cultural, spiritual, environmental, financial, occupational

Wellness Continuum

composed of interrelated dimensions, all of which must be developed in order to achieve overall wellness

The absence of mental illness is not the same thing as...

the presence of mental wellness

Physical Wellness

Includes fitness level and ability to care for one's self

Emotional Wellness

the ability to understand your own feelings, accept your limitations, and achieve emotional stability

Intellectual Wellness

The ability to have an open mind, and the desire to learn and improve

Interpersonal Wellness

Communication skills, capacity for intimacy, ability to establish and maintain satisfying relationships. ability to cultivate support system of friends and family.

Cultural Wellness

Creating relationships with those who are different from you, Maintaining and valuing your own cultural identity, Avoiding stereotyping based on ethnicity, gender, religion, or sexual orientation

Spiritual Wellness

Capacity for love, compassion, forgiveness, altruism, joy, fulfillment, caring for others, sense of meaning and purpose, sense of belonging to something greater than oneself.

Environmental Wellness

Having abundant, clean natural resources, maintaining sustainable development, recycling whenever possible, reducing pollution and waste.