Anatomy Lab quiz 2

plasma

clear, straw-colored liquid appearing after blood has been centrifuged

formed elements

dark-red and buff-colored portion appearing after blood has been centrifuged. includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

erythrocytes

red blood cells. small, anucleate biconcave cells containing hemoglobin, used to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

leukocytes

white blood cells. nucleated cells typically larger than RBCs, attack pathogens and other foreign substances in body. five kinds divided into two categories: granular and agranular.

thrombocytes

platelets. formed in red bone marrow from megakaryocytes. protect the body by forming a platelet plug to stop bleeding when blood vessels rupture and by secreting chemicals that aid in blood clotting.

polycythemia

an abnormally high number of RBCs

anemia

unusually low number of RBCs

granular leukocytes

have discernible vesicles (granules) in cytoplasm that can be seen after staining. include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

agranular leukocytes

have granules but cannot be observed with light microscope. include lymphocytes and monocytes.

neutrophils

phagocytes that engulf and kill bacteria and other pathogens, aid in resolution of infections, and are first WBCs to arrive at infection site.

eosinophils

neutralize the effect of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms.

basophils

release histamine, heparin, and seratonin. these chemicals intensify the inflammatory response and are involved in allergic reactions.

lymphocytes

involved in immune responses and include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.

monocytes

in tissues, differentiate into macrophages, phagocytes that engulf most of the invading bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as dead cellular debris.

thrombocytopenia

is a deficiency in number of circulating platelets.

hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs. formula is length of RBC’s in mm divided length of the whole column in mm multiplied by 100.

coagulation

process of blood clotting

agglutination

blood clots formation

type A blood

plasma membranes of RBCs have only A antigen present

type b blood

have only B antigens present

type AB blood

have both antigens A and B present

type o blood

do not have either A or B antigen present

Rh positive

have the RH antigen on surface of RBC plasma membrane

Rh negative

do not have Rh antigen

hemolytic disease of the newborn

during delivery baby’s blood can leak from placenta into mother’s bloodstream, causing mother’s body to make anti-Rh antibodies. first baby would not be affected, but following pregnancies with Rh positive fetuses can result in small anti-Rh antibodies crossing placenta and causing hemolysis in fetuses’ blood.

RhoGAM

Rh negative mothers are typically given this so they will not make anti-Rh antibodies.

sickle cell anemia

characterized as a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. have abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells. abnormal hemoglobin forms stiff rods within red blood cell, changing it into a crescent, or sickle shape. sickle-shaped cells are not flexible and can stick to vessel walls, causing a blockage that slows or stops blood flow, preventing oxygen from reaching nearby tissues.

polycythemia

disease state in which hematocrit is greater than 55%. blood becomes too thick which can impede blood flow.

lymphocytic leukemia

increased lymphocytes

infectious mononucleosis

lymphocytes are reactive and atypical because they are larger. cytoplasm tends to be indented by surrounding RBCs.

eosinophilia

increased number of eosinophils. several causes are known, with most common being some form of allergic reaction or parasitic infection.

acute granulocytic leukemia

increase in granulocytes and band cells

monocytic leukemia

a type of myeloid leukemia characterized by a dominance of monocytes. monocytic cells are predominantly monoblasts.