ETHICAL THEORIES + PHILOSOPHERS (mostly consequentialism)

Quantity Hedonism

another term for Bentham’s Act Utilitariansim

Act Utilitariansim

“Greatest good for the greatest number of people

Qualitative, Mill

What theory in Utilitarianism in the Trolly Problem is this and who’s theory when applied:

you kill the 5 to save 1 person/mother (higher quality of pain when you run over your mom)

Quantitative, Bentham

What theory in Utilitarianism in the Trolly Problem is this and who’s theory when applied:

you kill the 1 person on the track because the other 5 survives

 Preservation of life, liberty, and property

State of Nature of Locke

Preservation of Life

State of Nature of Hobbes

Preservation of Property

State of Nature of Rousseau

absence of a governing body.

Why do they enter a social contract in Locke’s idea?

Chaotic

Why do they enter a social contract in Hobbes’ idea?

morally neutral and peaceful condition

Why do they enter a social contract in Rosseau’s idea?

Dictatorship, 1 person

What’s the sovereignty of Hobbes? (sino nagrurule?)

Aristocracy, few noble people

What’s the sovereignty of Rousseau? (sino nagrurule?)

People

What’s the sovereignty of Locke? (sino nagrurule?)

Equality Principle and Difference Principle

What are the two principles of John Rawls?

Equality Principle

everyone should be equal

Difference Principle

inequality is permissible if it’s to everyone’s advantage

Consequentialist (teleological)

morality is based on or concerned with consequences

Nonconsequentialist (deontological)

morality is not based on or concerned with consequences 

Consequentialist and Nonconsequentialist

Two viewpoints of morality

Ethical Egoism and Utilitarianism

Two major consequentialist ethical theories

Ethical Egoism

act in self-interest

Utilitarianism

act for the interests of all

Psychological egoism

 not an ethical theory but a descriptive or scientific theory having to do with egoism

Strong form

people always act in their own self-interest (form of psychological theory)

Weaker form

people often, but not always, act in their own self-interest (form of psychological theory)

Hedonistic Calculus

used to evaluate how much pleasure or pain would be caused by an action.

MACHIAVELLI

The ends justifies the means

individual form, personal form, universal form

Three forms of Ethical Egoism

individual form

everyone ought to act in my self-interest

personal form

I ought to act in my own self-interest, but make no claims on what others should do

Ayn Rand

Philosopher who theorized:

Self-interests of rational human beings, by virtue of their being rational, will never conflict

UTILITARIANISM

maintains that everyone should perform that act or follow that moral rule which will bring about the greatest good (or happiness) for everyone concerned

ACT UTILITARIANISM

says that everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest amount of good over bad for everyone affected by the act

Rule utilitarianism

states that everyone always should follow the rules that will bring the greatest number of good consequences for all concerned

Pleasure and Pain

Two Masters in Life

General will

Collective will is the goal: for the common good. Representatives (not their will)

Sum of all will

Totality of particular wills (ex. All particular wills of students in the classroom is the sum of all will)

Particular Will

What motivates a person. Individual will → per student. Each student have their individual will.