Psych 1100 SI Unit 3 Flashcards

Flashcards for Psych 1100 SI Unit 2 covering memory, the neural code, amnesia, forgetting, working memory, depth of processing, kinds of memory, patient H.M., retrieval of memories, the Loftus and Palmer experiment, sensation and perception, light, photoreceptors, the eye structures, signal processing in the eye, lateral inhibition, feature detectors, distal and proximal stimuli, depth perception, Gestalt psychology, apparent motion, and the Gestalt program.

Encoding

The process of transforming what we perceive, feel, or think into an enduring memory.

Storing

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Retrieving

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded.

Short Term Memory (Neural Code)

Dynamic pattern of activity among a group of cells.

Long Term Memory (Neural Code)

Structural pattern of connections within a group of cells.

Trace Consolidation

From dynamic pattern to structural pattern. Increased during sleep, recall, speaking about information, and practicing information.

Retrograde Amnesia

Forgetting information that occurred before the accident.

Anterograde Amnesia

Forgetting information that happened after the accident.

Displacement (Short Term Memory)

When short term memory is forgotten because something is bumped out.

Decay (Short Term Memory)

When information fades when you don't do rehearsal.

Misplacement (Long Term Memory)

Information is still in the brain, but not accessible.

Retrieval Failure (Long Term Memory)

Not able to come up with the long term memory.

Proactive Interference

Old information affects the new information - getting in the way of the new recent information.

Retroactive Interference

New information affects the old information - getting in the way of the old information.

Working Memory

The information you are working on in that moment. Constantly constructing meaning and thinking on that information.

Elaborative Encoding

Putting meaning and deeper connections to the information in order to remember this information.

Explicit Memory

Referring to prior learning experience (conscious).

Recall

What were the words on the list you read?

Recognition

Circle the words previously shown to you.

Implicit Memory

Not conscious of remembering this information.

Priming

Trying to see if we can make a response more easier to do. Ex: show 'nurse' on screen which primes the subject to respond faster to 'doctor' which shows next.

Declarative Memory

Knowing information consciously and being able to say/ “declare” the memory (episodic or generic/semantic).

Generic/Semantic Memory

Remembering information like the capital of Australia or the list of brain structures you learned in psychology 1100. Information in the form or words or numbers.

Episodic memory

Remembering the first day of classes this semester. Remembering an event/”episode”: who was there, where were you, what were you doing.

Procedural Memory

Memory on how to do something, ex: how to ride a bike.

Encoding Specificity Principle

To retrieve a memory, it is best if the context at the time of retrieval is the same as the context at encoding.

Retrieval Cue

Stimulus that helps retrieve a memory. Retrieval cues should be related to the context that the memory was created in.

Sensation

Basic, primitive mental state corresponding to energies in the environment; experience of world.

Perception

Mental state corresponding to properties of objects and events in environment; knowledge of the world.

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

Quality of sensation depends on which nerve fibers are stimulated.

Rods

Photoreceptors that operate in low light conditions, primarily responsible for black and white vision.

Cones

Photoreceptors that operate in bright light conditions, responsible for color vision.

Opponent Process Theory

Suggests that color perception is controlled by three opposing systems: black/white, red/green, and blue/yellow.

Trichromatic Theory

All colors will be a mixture of blue, green and red based on the response of those cone types.

Retina

Consists of photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.

Optic Nerve

Nerve fibers that send visual information to brain.

Fovea

Indentation (at center of retina) where cones are most prevalent and there is the most visual acuity = clearest vision.

Lateral Inhibition

Neighboring receptor cells tend to inhibit each other, resulting in exaggeration of contrasts; dark looks darker, light looks lighter.

Distal Stimulus

The thing in the world we want to know about.

Proximal Stimulus

The retinal image.

Binocular Disparity

Difference in the two retinal images.

Monocular depth cues

Depth cues that only require one eye; including linear perspective, interposition, and relative size.

Gestalt Psychology

Nativist view; Born with the ability to put together a percept.

Principle of perceptual organization

Grouping by proximity, grouping by similarity, good continuation, and closure.

Apparent motion

Stimulus present in two locations within short time interval is seen as one moving stimulus. No moving stimulus though!