GI radpatho midterm

Atresia

a congenital absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ.

Esophageal atresia

a rare congenital anomaly in which the esophagus fails to develop past some point, resulting in discontinuation of the esophagus.

Imperforate anus or anal agenesis

Is a congenital disorder in which anal opening to the exterior is absent.

Barrett’s Esophagus

Related to severe reflux esophagitis

-Normal squamous lining of the lower esophagus is destroyed and replaced by columnar epithelium (similar to stomach).

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal leading out of the stomach is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pyloric sphincter.

Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)

-Refers to the absence of neurons in the bowel wall, typically in the sigmoid colon

-Becomes apparent shortly after birth, when the affected infant passes little meconium and the abdomen becomes distended.

Peptic Ulcer

Erosion of the mucous membrane of the lower end of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.

-Result from disruption of the normal mucosal defense and repair mechanisms.

Regional Enteritis (Crohn Disease)

Also known as granulomatous colitis. it Is a chronic IBD of unknown cause. individuals with the disease are primarily affected by an unregulated intestinal immune response to various agents

Ulcerative Colitis

-Is an inflammatory lesion of the colonic mucosa with an unknown cause but thought to be autoimmune.

Toxic Megacolon

-Is a severe, life-threatening complication of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

esophageal varices

Varicose veins are abnormally lengthened, dilated, and superficial veins; those in the esophagus are referred to as ______

Hiatal Hernia

Weakness of the esophageal hiatus that permits some portions of the stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity

Mechanical Bowel Obstruction

Lumen of the bowel becomes occluded, as might occur for a variety of reasons such as hernias, tumors, volvulus, intussusceptions, or, most often postoperatively, adhesions.

Volvulus

- twisting of a bowel loop about its mesenteric base, usually at either the sigmoid or the ileocecal junction.

Intussusception

segment of bowel, constricted by peristalsis, telescopes into a distal segment and is driven further into the distal bowel by peristalsis.

Paralytic Ileus (adynamic ileus)

-Is a failure of normal peristalsis that may result from a variety of factors

-Causes are surgery, especially that requiring manipulation of the bowel (postoperative ileus), and intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal infection

Achalasia

Neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus that results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter of the distal esophagus to relax, leading to dysphagia.

Appendicitis

-An inflammation of the vermiform appendix resulting from an obstruction caused usually by a fecalith

Colon Cancer

-Most common GI cancer.
-Is the third most common cause of mortality from cancer.

varicose veins

abnormally lengthened, dilated, and superficial veins;

Average risk

colorectal cancer risk including patients 50 years of age or older. 

 Moderate risk

colorectal cancer risk includes those with a first-degree relative with a history of adenoma or carcinoma, or a personal history of similar pathology.

High risk

colorectal cancer risk includes hereditary syndromes such as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and familial polyposis, or patients with a personal history of ulcerative colitis or CD.