The French Revolution (1789-1799)

Flashcards covering major concepts, events, and figures related to the French Revolution and Napoleon's rise and fall.

First Estate

The clergy, comprising approximately 1% of the population and controlling about 10% of the land, paying few or no taxes.

Second Estate

The nobles, about 2% of the population who controlled roughly 25% of the land and paid few or no taxes.

Third Estate

The commons, about 97% of the population, including the Bourgeoisie, Sans-Culottes, and Peasants, paying about 50% of their income in taxes.

King Louis XVI

The indecisive king of France during the Revolution, who lived in the Palace of Versailles.

Marie Antoinette

The queen of France known for her extravagant lifestyle and deficit spending, earning the nickname 'Madame Deficit'.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge by the National Assembly to create a new constitution limiting the king's power.

Storming of the Bastille

The July 14, 1789 attack on a Parisian prison by a mob seeking gunpowder, symbolizing an assault on royal authority.

Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen

A document outlining basic rights written by the National Assembly in August 1789, promoting 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity'.

The Reign of Terror

A period of mass violence from 1793-1794 led by the Jacobins, during which many alleged 'enemies of the revolution' were executed.

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive set of laws introduced by Napoleon, based on Enlightenment ideas, ensuring equal rights and secular legislation.

Scorched Earth Strategy

A military tactic used by the Russian army wherein they burned crops and resources, leaving nothing for invading forces.

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of European leaders after Napoleon's defeat aimed at restoring order, stability, and monarchies in Europe.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of loyalty and support for one's country, rising in response to revolutionary ideas.

Causes of the French Revolution

Political conflict, social inequality, and economic hardship that led to widespread discontent among the French populace.

Maximilien Robespierre

A leading figure of the French Revolution, known for his role in the Reign of Terror and as a key member of the Committee of Public Safety.

Napoleon

a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of military campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from