A&P Test #4

Where does CSF begin

Choroid Plexus of ventricles

Where does CSF drain from?

Arachnoid villi and drains into Dural venous sinuses

Name the layers of the maters from superior to deep

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

The cerebrum is the center of

• Origin of all complex intellectual functions

• Intelligence and reasoning

• Thoughts, memory, and judgement

• Voluntary motor control

• Sensory input of 6 senses

The Parietal lobe processes

General sensory functions

• evaluating the shape and texture of objects

The Temporal lobe processes

• Olfactory

• Auditory perception

• Language comprehension

• Memory retrieval

Occipital Lobe processes

Vision and visual memories

Insula processes

• Memory and sense of taste(gustatory)

Brocas area (Motor Speech Area)

• Left frontal lobe

• Controls movements for vocalization

Frontal eye field

• On superior surface of middle frontal gyrus

• Regulates eye movements needed to reading and binocular vision

Premotor Cortex

• Located anterior to primary motor cortex

• Coordinates learned, skilled activities

Primary somatosensory cortex

• Located in the parietal lobe

• Processes sensory information from the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain

Homunculus

Distorted proportions reflect the amount of sensory information collected from that region

• Large regions for lips, fingers, and genital regions

Primary visual cortex is located

occipital lobe

Primary olfactory lobe is

Located within the temporal lobe

• Provides conscious awareness of smells

Primary gustatory cortex

Located within insula

• Involved in processing taste information

Prefrontal cortex

• Located in rostral to premotor cortex in teh frontal lobe

• Complex thought, judgement, personality, planning, decision making

Wernicke Area

Typically located in teh left hemisphere (temporal lobe)

• Involved in language comprehension

Gnostic Area

Region that integrates sensory information

• from multiple modalities, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of stimuli.

myelinated axons are known as

Tracts

Association Tracts

Connect regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

Arcuate Fibers

Short tracts connecting neighboring tracts

Longitudinal fasciculi

Longer tracts connecting gyri in different lobes

Commissural Tracts

Connect corresponding regions of the cerebral cortex in both hemispheres

Projection Tracts

Link cerebral cortex to inferior regions and spinal cord

• Corticospinal tracts carry motor signals from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

Epithalamus

Forms posterior part of room diencephalon, covers third ventricle

Pineal Gland

Endocrine gland secreting melatonin

• Helps regulate day and night cycles (Circadian Rhythm)

The hypothalamus controls

The autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

• and regulates bodily functions such as temperature, hunger, and thirst.

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce

It produces neurohormones that control the pituitary gland, such as oxytocin and antidiuretic

What does the midbrain control?

• Superior Colliculi control visual reflexes

• Inferior colliculi control auditory reflexes

• Houses the oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves

Tectum/tectal plate is composed of

Corpora quadrigemmina

colliculi reflexes for sound and vision

The Pons contains

Sensory and motor tracts connecting the brain to spinal cord

• Trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves

What does the Pons control

Regulates breathing and sleep patterns, relays signals between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

The medulla oblongata controls

• regulates hearts output

• Regulates blood pressure

• - Respitory rate

• - reflexes such as swallowing and vomiting.

The Medulla Oblongata contains

Cardiac, vasometer, respitory centers that control involuntary functions

• vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves

The cerebellum controls (2nd largest brain section)

–Adjusts movements initiated by cerebrum, ensuring smoothness

–Helps maintain equilibrium and posture

•Receives proprioceptive information from muscles and joints

•Fine-tunes the timing, force, and coordination of muscle contractions to ensure that the body remains upright and stable.

The vermis(narrow bend between folds) controls

•Receives sensory signals regarding torso position and balance

• Coordinates body movements to maintain posture.

The superior cerebellar peduncle connects

•Connect cerebellum to midbrain

The middle cerebellar peduncle connects

•Connect cerebellum to pons

The inferior peduncle connects

•Connect cerebellum to medulla oblongata

Cervical enlargement contains

Neurons innervating upper limbs

Lumbrosacral enlargement contains

Neurons innervating lower limbs

How many spinal nerves are in the cervical part

8 pairs

How many spinal nerves are in the thoracic part

12 pairs

How many spinal nerves are in the lumbar part

5 pairs

How many spinal nerves are in the Sacral part

5 Pairs

How many spinal nerves are in the Coccygeal part

1 pair

What is the filum terminale

Thins strand of pia attaching conus medullaris to the coccyx.

Anterior horns

house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

Lateral horns

House cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions.

Posterior horns

House cell bodies of interneurons and small terminal portion of axons of sensory neurons

Locations of white and gray matter

White matter is located peripherally, while gray matter is centrally located

what is the gray commissure?

A structure in the spinal cord that connects bilateral masses of gray matter, allowing communication between the right and left sides.

Somatic nuclei

Clusters of neurons in the spinal cord that are involved in the sensory and motor functions of the somatic nervous system.

Autonomic nuclei

Clusters of neurons in the spinal cord associated with the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions.

what does somatic mean?

Relating to the body, particularly in the context of voluntary muscle control and sensory perception.

WHat cranial nerves are located in the mid brain?

The cranial nerves located in the midbrain are the Oculomotor nerve (III) and the Trochlear nerve (IV), which are involved in eye movements and pupil regulation.

What cranial nerves are located in the pons?

The cranial nerves located in the pons are the Trigeminal nerve (V), Abducens nerve (VI), and Facial nerve (VII), which are involved in sensation and motor control of the face and eyes.

What cranial nerves are located in the medulla oblongata?

The cranial nerves located in the medulla oblongata are the Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), Vagus nerve (X), and Hypoglossal nerve (XII), which play critical roles in autonomic functions and swallowing.

The olfactory nerves(I) function is

to transmit sensory information related to smell to the brain.

The optic nerves(II) function is

to transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.

The oculomotor nerves(III) function is

to control most of the eye's movements, including the constriction of the pupil and maintaining an open eyelid.

The trochlear nerves(IV) function is

to control the superior oblique muscle of the eye, assisting in rotational movement.

The Trigeminal nerves(V) function is

to provide somatic sensation to the face and control muscles for chewing. Hot/cold for anterior 2/3s of tongue

The abducens nerves(VI) function is

to control the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, enabling lateral/abduction eye movement.

The Facial nerves(VII) function is

to control the muscles of facial expression, and provide taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

The vestibulocochlear nerves(VIII) function is

to transmit sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain.

The glossopharyngeal nerves(IX) function is

to control swallowing and provide taste sensations from the posterior one-third of the tongue, as well as to contribute to saliva production.

The vagus nerves(X) function is

to regulate heart rate, gastrointestinal functions, and provide sensory information from the throat and voice box.

The accessory nerves(XI) function is

to control shoulder and neck muscles, including the pharynx, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius.

The hypoglossal nerves(XII) function is

to control tongue movements for speech and swallowing.

Somatic Nervous System

the part of the nervous system responsible for voluntary movements and the control of skeletal muscles.

Somatic sensory

nerves that provide input from the body to the central nervous system, processing sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature from proprioceptors.

Somatic Motor

nerves that transmit signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, enabling voluntary movement.

Autonomic nervous system(motor)

Processes regulated below conscious level

• Transmits signals from CNS to heart, smooth muscle, and glands

• It regulates involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.

sympathetic nervous system

A branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses during stressful situations, increasing heart rate and respiration.

Parasympathetic nervous system

A branch of the autonomic nervous system that promotes 'rest and digest' functions, helping to conserve energy and facilitate recovery after stress.

All preganglionic neurons are 

cholinergic

adrenergic neurons

release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.

Nicotinic receptors

are a type of acetylcholine receptor found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, responsible for fast synaptic transmission.

Muscarinic receptors

are a type of acetylcholine receptor found in the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for slower synaptic transmission and mediating various physiological responses.

Catecholamine

a class of neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, involved in the body's response to stress and regulation of various physiological functions.