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what is the aufbau principle
electrons occupy orbitals from lower principal energy levels before occupying orbitals at higher principal energy levels
what is the pauli exclusion principle
a maximum of 2 electrons can occupy a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spin
what is hund’s rule?
all electrons with the same energy must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spin can occupy the same orbitals
how do you determine the maximum number of electrons per each principal energy level?
use the formula 2n² [ 1st energy level - 2(1)²=2 ] [ 2nd energy level - 2(2)²=8 ] [3rd energy level - 2(3)²=18 ] [ 4th energy level - 2(4)²=36 ]
what is the secret code for electron configurations and the periodic table?
1s², 2p^6, 3d^10, 4f^14
what is the shape of s orbitals?
sphere
whast is the shape of p orbitals?
dumb-bell
what is the shape of d orbitals?
4-leaf clover, donut
what is the shape of f orbitals?
double donut, 8 balloons, 6 orange slices