APUSH Unit 2 Period 2 Flashcards

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition under contract to England's King Henry VII in 1497, discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast of Newfoundland... England didn't colonize the lands explored by him until the early 1600s

Joint-stock company

A company owned by multiple investors, reduced risk of voyages... used to finance colonization

Act of Toleration

The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians... however it also called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans... he believed that an individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority... founded Providence and started one of the first Baptist churches in America

Anne Hutchinson

Dissident who questioned the doctrines of Puritan authorities, believed in antinomianism (since individuals receive salvation through their faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws)... founded Portsmouth

Halfway Covenent

To maintain the church's influence and membership... allowed people to become partial church members even if they had not experienced conversion.

Quakers

Believed that religious authority was found within each person and not in the Bible nor in any outside source. This led them to support equality among all men and women and to reject violence and resist military service,

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Holy Experiment

The government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Charter of Liberties

Guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Captain John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who helped the colony develop a variety of tobacco that became popular in Europe and a profitable crop

Plymouth Colony

Colony founded by the Separatist Pilgrims who came over on the Mayflower. Located in New England.

Separatist

Radical dissenters, wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control

Pilgrims

Group of English separatists who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom

Mayflower

The ship that brought the Pilgrims to the New World.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(New England Colony) It was founded in 1630 by Puritans for religious freedom.

Puritans

Believed that the Church of England could be reformed, or purified. Settled in Massachusetts Bay

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Great Migration

Religious and political conflict in England drove abt 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in America

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619

Mayflower Compact

the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, Pilgrims promised to make decisions by the will of the majority... early form of self-government and a rudimentary Constitution

Corporate colonies

ex: Jamestown; operated by joint-stock companies

Royal colonies

ex. Virginia after 1624; under direct authority and rule of the king's government

Proprietary colonies

ex: Maryland and Pennsylvania; under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607

Chesapeake colonies

Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

Triangular Trade

A triangular, three-part route that connected North America, Africa, and Europe in various ways

Mercantilism

the economic theory that a country's wealth was determined by how much more it exported than imported

Navigation Acts

Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.

King Philip's War

AKA Metacom's War; Savage conflict between New England colonists and local Native tribe, the Wampanoag, after colonists settled on Native lands; Both sides resorted to brutal massacre tactics; Defeat of Natives.

Sir William Berkley

Virginia's royal governor, used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. He antagonized small farmers on Virginia's western frontier because he failed to protect them from Native attacks.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

New England Confederation

Military alliance between the New England colonies. Directed by a board composed of two reps from each colony. Had limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with Natives. Lasted until 1684.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Headright System

Virginia attempted to attract immigrants through offers of land. It offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Scotch-Irish

These English-speaking, Protestant people emigrated from northern Ireland. They were known as Scotch-Irish because their ancestors had moved to Ireland from Scotland. By 1775, they comprised 7 percent of the colonial population.

Subsistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Social mobility

In all colonies, white residents had the opportunity to improve their standard of living and status by hard work... acquiring land was much easier than in Europe

The Great Awakening

a religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s...movement of fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses

Sectarian

promoting the doctrines of a particular religious group

John Peter Zenger

New York publisher who was tried on a charge of libelously criticizing New York's royal governor

Hereditary aristocracy

Social extremes, with very wealthy nobility and masses of hungry poor...not present in the colonies. Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top. Craft workers and small farmers made up the majority of the population

Enlightenment

A European movement in literature and philosophy; used human reasoning to solve problems.

Town meetings

Purpose in Colonial days was to reach a consensus and avoid conflict with real choices