Stratified Epithelium Quiz

cilia

location:

on the apical surface of epithelium

closely packed together like brush bristles

description:

elongated, motile structures (longer than microvilli)

structure:

made up of microtubules

function:

transport material along the surface of cells

move mucus and particulate matter out of the respiratory tract

basal cells

short cells located in the basal portion of the epithelium

touch the basement membrane but do not reach the lumen

hyperplasia

an increase in the number of cells

results in a larger organ/tissue

can be the result of hormonal stimulation

goblet cells

interspersed among ciliated columnar cells

secrete mucus

found in the small intestines and respiratory systems

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

most often ciliated

found in the trachea, primary bronchi (closest to the trachea), and patulous eustachian tube (connects middle and inner ears)

bronchitis

the inflammation of the bronchial tubes

can be acute or chronic

mainly caused by cigarette smoking, but also by infection (viral or bacterial) or inhalation of chemical pollutants/dust

acute bronchitis

the inflammation inhibits the activity of the cilia because:

the bronchial wall is swollen and excess mucus that was secreted blocks the airway

the cilia are working overtime to trap and eliminate these pollutants to trap and eliminate pollutants

chronic bronchitis

characterized by hyperplasia and a loss of cilia

pseudostratified columnar cells turn into stratified squamous cells: squamous metaplasia

metaplasia

the change of one cells type to another in response ot something in the environment

reversible change

cells must be mature

1. squamous metaplasia: endocervical glandular epithelium in the cervix

2. squamous metaplasia: ciliated respiratory epithelium in the lungs of smokers

3. intestinal metaplasia: gastric mucosa in the intestines of someone with chronic gastrisis

stratified cuboidal epithelium

rare, limited distribution

lines the ducts of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual

usually two layers with the basal layer of cells appearing incomplete

smooth apical surface

sialandenitis/salivary gland swelling

caused by the blockage of a duct by a salivary stone in the lumen called a calculus (formed from salts in saliva)

the saliva cannot exit into the mouth and is backed up in the duct, causing the gland to swell

the stone also causes the cuboidal cells to be distorted and the presence of inflammatory cells

causes pain while chewing food and is worse before a meal

causes a bacterial infection

• the stone can be ejected into the mouth if small enough

  • but if large enough, might require surgery

stratified columnar epithelium

found in the posterior surface of the eyelid

in contact with the surface of the eyeball

trachoma

a type of pink eye

chronic eye disease that causes inflammation in the epithelium

caused by the bacteria: chlamydia trachomatis

symptoms include tearing, discharge, discomfort with light, pain, and swelling of the eyelid

can also cause a deformed eyelid (eyelashes turned inward)

if untreated, can lead to an infected cornea or loss of vision (from scarring on the central cornea)

transitional epithelium

also known as urothelium (bladder, ureters, major calyces of the kidney)

cells change shape to accomodate a volume change in the organ they line

at relaxed state: 4-6 layers, and surface cells appear umbrella shaped

when stretched: dome shaped cells become flattened, and there are fewer layers

urothelial carcinoma

cancer tumor located in areas with transitional epithelium

most common cancer of bladder, and most prevalent in older men

risk factors include cigarette smoking, exposure to radiation, infection by a parasite called schistosoma haematobium

symptoms include visible red urine (painless gross hematura), frequency/urgency in peeing, dyruria (burning sensation)

treatment includes a transurethral resection [high recurrence rate], chemotherapy/immunotherapy, or a radical cystectomy [removes the bladder]

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

top layer of tissue (above top layer of squamous cells) is dead cells with no nuclei

this epithelium (epidermis layer of skin) is thicker on the palms and soles

top cells are more polyhedral, with basal cells below,

psoriasis

a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by pink/salmon colored plaques with silver scales and sharp margins

symptoms include itching, joint pain, nail pitting, and nail discoloration

caused by immunologic reactions

very thick epidermis and nucleated keratin at the top

microabscesses form from migratd neutrophils in the parakeratotic area (stratum corneum)

micropustules form from migrated neutrophils in the stratum granulosum and spinosum layers

bullous pemphigoid

rare chronic autoimmune condition in the skin

characterized by fluid filled blisters called bulla

typically affects older individuals

phases:

1. nonbullous: itchy, scaly lesions

2. bullous: tense fluid-filled blisters on the lower abdomen, inner thighs, and flexer forearms

“caused” by radiation exposure, medications, and faccinations

epidermis and dermis separate at the subepidermal interface, where the blister forms

this separation is caused by linear deposits of C3 and IgG in the basement membrane zone

^ antibodies attack hemidesmosomes becuase they think they’re antigens

stratified squamous epithelium

nonkeratinized

wet on the surface, commonly found in the mouth (tongue and oral cavity), oropharynx (connects nasal and oral cavities), vocal cords, and vagina

barrett syndrome

the development of intestinal metaplasia (esophagus cells turn into intestine cells)

stratified squamous cells turn simple columnar

chronic: caused by a long history of reflux (GERD) or heartburn)

goblet cells, plasma cells, and inflammatory cells are present

can lead to esophageal carcinoma (when the metaplasia becomes irreversible)