Untitled Flashcards Set

Basic Principles of Community Engagement

Collaborating with local populations to address health concerns through shared decision-making and active participation.

Influence of Culture on beliefs, values, and behaviors

Cultural beliefs, values, and behaviors shape food choices, health perceptions, and willingness to do things.

the importance of Recognizing Cultural Values and biases

helps provide equitable and effective care.

Cross-Cultural Communication Skills basics

Involves active listening, non-verbal cues, avoiding assumptions, and using clear, respectful language.

Culturally Competent Nutrition Interventions strategies

Understanding cultural food practices and language barries, tailoring recommendations according to culture and preferences.

Types of Prevention Efforts and an example of each

primary: Preventing disease by controlling risk factors; e.g., creating supportive environments and promoting healthy behaviors.

secondary: Detecting disease early through screening and risk appraisal; e.g., early intervention and monitoring diet changes.

tertiary: Treating and rehabilitating those who have experienced illness or injury; e.g., assisting diagnosed patients in managing their health.

Health Objectives for the Nation and why they are important

1. Reduce obesity rates: prevent chronic disease

2. Improve access to healthy foods: combat food insecurity

3. Increase physical activity: enhance overall wellbeing.

Educational Requirements for Community Nutritionists

o   Education & Training: a bachelors degree (in community nutrition, food and nutrition, or dietetics), and many require registration by AND or graduate level training.

o   Practice settings: public health clinics, government and nonprofit agencies, HMOs (health maintenance organization), corporate wellness, schools, universities, sports, research

o   Roles & Responsibilities: identifying nutritional problems within the community, interpreting the scientific literature, critically evaluate scientific literature before formulating new nutrition policies or offering advice about eating patterns, and interpret epidemiological data.

Epidemiology and how to use it as an RDN

Studies disease patterns and is used to inform public health policies and determine risks associated with diet patterns.

Prevalence vs. Incidence Rates

Prevalence: total cases at a given time

Incidence: development of new cases over a specific period.

Descriptive Epidemiologic. Strengths/Weaknesses

o   Descriptive:

§  Case studies, cross sectional studies

·       Strengths: quick, inexpensive, identifies new disease or trends, provides a snapshot

·       Weaknesses: doesn’t determins causality, bias possible, limited control

o   Observational:

§  Cohort studies

·       Strengths: allows many outcomes to be assessed, temporal relationships, studies rare exposure

·       Weaknesses: time consuming, expensive, not good for rare diseases

§  Case control studies:

·       Strengths: good in rare conditions, less expensive, quicker, requires fewer subjects

·       Weaknesses: prone to bias, cannot establish causality or incidence, difficult to measure past exposures

o   Experimental:

§  RCTs

·       Strengths: gold standard for causality, minimizes bias, can control variables

·       Weaknesses: expensive, time consuming, ethical concerns, not great for generalization

Community Needs Assessment importance

Identifies gaps in resources and guides interventions to meet health and social needs.

Categories of Data in Community Needs Assessment

1. Community data: demographic, economic info collected by surveys

2. Environment data: social norms and policy info, food availability collected by government reports and research

3. Population data: food preferences and health beliefs, knowledge, lifestyle collected by surveys and questionairres as well as health records

Cultural Issues in Data Collection

Survey questions must be culturally appropriate, addressing traditional foods and health-related beliefs.

National Nutrition Monitoring Program Components

Assesses dietary intake, nutritional status, health outcomes, and food consumption, knowledge, attitude, behavior, food supply and demand

NHANES and BRFSS

NHANES assesses US health through surveys and physical exams

BRFSS tracks health behaviors via phone surveys.

Original Source for Food Database Info

USDA databases provide the original sources.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Used to plan and assess nutrient intakes and prevent deficiencies. A good refrence tool based on research to set goals and prevent deficiencies and promote overall health.

Policymaking Process Steps

o   Problem definition & agenda setting: the problem is brought to attention

o   Formulation of alternatives: possible solutions to the issue are dicsussed

o   Policy adoption: tools are selected to create regulations, programs, dicuss expenditure, etc

o   Policy implementation: these strategies and tools are put into place

o   Policy evaluation: the impact of the change is evaluated

o   Policy termination: if needed, the policy will be terminated if it doesn’t perform well or have the support it needs.

Development of Laws and Regulations

o   A concerned citizen or group brings the issue to attention

o   A bill is written and submitted to the clerk

o   A bill needs sponsored by a legislative member

o   The bill is referred to a committee and subcommittee

o   Markup session to revise the bill

o   The committee votes on the bill

o   Approved bills go to the full membership

o   If it passes, it moves to the other body (either senate or house)

o   If approved by senate and house its sent to the president, if they don’t both approve they have a conference.

o   The president can either sign or veto and return to the legislature (congress)

Strategies for Influencing Policy Changes

Making opinions known, presenting ideas, petitioning, and joining interest groups.

DHHS and USDA

DHHS regulates public health policies like medicaid, FDA, and CDC

USDA oversees food programs like SNAP and school lunches

Epidemiology of Obesity Overview

o   Adults: obesity in adults has increased heavily in the last two decades, increasing from 30.5% to 41.2% in 20 years

o   Children: increased from 13.9% to 19.7% in 20 years

o   This is all due to diet changes and more processed foods, a decline in physical activity, and environmental factors such as food insecurity.

Assessing Obesity in the Population

Using BMI, waist circumference, and population surveys to understand prevalence.

Determinants of Obesity

o   Individual: diet, activity, genetics, stress

o   Interpersonal: family, friends, support shape habits

o   Community: access to food and healthy living like a gym or healthcare facilities

o   Policy: laws on foods, advertisements, healthcare, and school meals

Environment: sidewalks, bike lanes, city planning

Public Health Strategies to Prevent Obesity

o   Higher nutrition standards for school meals, menu labeling laws, healthy food access laws, SNAP, safe walking paths, public awareness.

o   Public health differs from clinical because it focuses on the community as a whole, aiming to prevent obesity before it occurs. If you are seeing a doctor for individualized care, you likely are already affected by obesity.

Strategies to Prevent Obesity as a RDN

o   Community based: programs to improve meals, access to fresh produces, healthy eating habits

o   Assessment & education: BMI, growth charts, 24 hr recall, MyPlate, label reading guides

o   Evidence based: Lets move campaign, AND papers, SNAP program

o   Advocacuy: support laws and policies

o   Digital: mobile apps like myfitnesspal, telehealth, apple watches

Factors Affecting Healthcare Cost and Delivery

o   Economics: healthcare spending, insurance coverage, pharmecutical costs

o   Policy: the ACA (affordable care act), telehealth

o   Social: aging population, increased chronic disease, health disparities, low income

o   Technology: medical advancements, electronic health record maintenance costs, AI may reduce costs

Importance of Health Promotion

o   Health promotion is so big because it addresses disease before it even happens. It aims to prevent before treating which is awesome. It focuses on the root cause. It also aims to promote quality of life overall. It also addresses the low income communities who have limited access to healthcare, nutrient dense foods, and preventative care.