Untitled Flashcards Set

〇    Describe basic principles of community engagement.

o   Collaborating with local populations to address health concerns through shared decision-making and active participation.

〇    Describe the influence of culture on beliefs, values, and behaviors.

o   Cultural beliefs, values, and behaviors shape food choices, health perceptions, and willingness to do things.

〇    Explain the importance of recognizing one’s own cultural values and biases.

o   Recognizing personal biases help you provide equitable and effective care.

〇    Describe the basics of developing cross-cultural communication skills.

o   Cross cultural communication involves active listening, non-verbal cues, avoiding assumptions, and using clear, respectful language.

〇    Explain strategies for providing culturally competent nutrition interventions.

o   You need to understand cultural food practices, addressing language barriers, and tailoring reccomendations according to their culture and prefrences.

〇    Describe the three types of prevention efforts and identify an example of each.

o   Primary: preventing disease by controlling risk factors

§  Example: creating supportive environments, leading health eating classes, promoting healthy behaviors, access to a gym, health food stores, preventing signs and symptoms and a diagnosis in general

o   Secondary: detects disease early through screening and risk appraisal

§  Example: early intervention, screen & draw blood levels often to watch those levels, getting someone to change their diet early on

o   Tertiary: treat and rehab those who have experienced illness or injury

§  Example: someone is diagnosed, but we help them to eat with the medication they are on, maintain health, and ensure they don’t worsen

〇    List three major health objectives for the nation and explain why each is important.

o   Reduce obesity rates: prevent more chronic disease

o   Improve access to healthy foods: to combat food insecurity

o   Increase physical activity: to enhance overall wellbeing

〇    Outline the educational requirements, practice settings, and roles and responsibilities of community and public health nutritionists.

o   Education & Training: a bachelors degree (in community nutrition, food and nutrition, or dietetics), and many require registration by AND or graduate level training.

o   Practice settings: public health clinics, government and nonprofit agencies, HMOs (health maintenance organization), corporate wellness, schools, universities, sports, research

o   Roles & Responsibilities: identifying nutritional problems within the community, interpreting the scientific literature, critically evaluate scientific literature before formulating new nutrition policies or offering advice about eating patterns, and interpret epidemiological data.

〇    Describe epidemiology, and know how you may use epidemiology as a RDN.

o   Epidemiology studies disease and disease patterns, often used to inform public health policies and to help determine the risks associated with different diet patterns.

〇    Explain prevalence rates and how they differ from incidence rates.

o   Prevalence: total cases at a given time

o   Incidence: development of new cases over a specific period

〇    Describe the strengths and weaknesses of various types of epidemiologic studies.

o   Descriptive:

§  Case studies, cross sectional studies

·       Strengths: quick, inexpensive, identifies new disease or trends, provides a snapshot

·       Weaknesses: doesn’t determins causality, bias possible, limited control

o   Observational:

§  Cohort studies

·       Strengths: allows many outcomes to be assessed, temporal relationships, studies rare exposure

·       Weaknesses: time consuming, expensive, not good for rare diseases

§  Case control studies:

·       Strengths: good in rare conditions, less expensive, quicker, requires fewer subjects

·       Weaknesses: prone to bias, cannot establish causality or incidence, difficult to measure past exposures

o   Experimental:

§  RCTs

·       Strengths: gold standard for causality, minimizes bias, can control variables

·       Weaknesses: expensive, time consuming, ethical concerns, not great for generalization

〇    Describe the difference between descriptive and analytic observational studies.

o   Descriptive observes trends and patterns while analytic examines associations between factors and outcomes

〇    Describe the importance of conducting a community needs assessment.

o   Identifies gaps in resources, understanding the health and social needs, and guiding helpful interventions.

〇    Describe three categories of data that can be collected as part of a community needs assessment and indicate how to obtain these data.

o   Community data: demographic, economic, health indicator. Collected by surveys, interviews, focus groups, etc.

o   Community environment and background conditions: social/cultural norms, food availability, policy. Collected by government reports, research, etc

o   Target population data: food preferences, attitudes, health beliefs, knowledge, and lifestyle factors. Collected by surveys, questionnaires, medical/health records, interviews, and focus groups.

〇    Discuss cultural issues to consider when choosing methods for obtaining data about the target population.

o   Survey questions must be culturally appropriate. Ask about their traditional foods and how often they eat them, what foods do you not eat (and why?), what foods keep you healthy, what new foods have you tried, and which foods do you dislike?  

〇    Describe key components of the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program.

o   Assesses dietary intake, nutritional status, and health outcomes.

o   Also assesses food and nutrient consumption, knowledge, attitude, and behavior assessments, food supply and demand. This is done also using food composition and nutrient databases.

〇    Describe what NHANES is. Describe what BRFSS is.

o   NHANES assesses US health and nutrition through surveys and physical exams

o   BRFSS: tracks health behavior via phone surveys

〇    Describe where you might find the original source behind food database information.

o   Original sources include the USDA databases

〇    Discuss the Dietary Reference Intakes and explain how they are used to plan and assess diets.

o   DRIs are used to plan and assess nutrient intakes for individuals and populations. They are a set of nutrient reference values that aid in planning and assessment based on research. They help to set nutrient goals to prevent deficiencies and promote overall health.

〇    Describe the policymaking process (very similar to the community assessment process)

o   Problem definition & agenda setting: the problem is brought to attention

o   Formulation of alternatives: possible solutions to the issue are dicsussed

o   Policy adoption: tools are selected to create regulations, programs, dicuss expenditure, etc

o   Policy implementation: these strategies and tools are put into place

o   Policy evaluation: the impact of the change is evaluated

o   Policy termination: if needed, the policy will be terminated if it doesn’t perform well or have the support it needs.

〇    Explain how laws and regulations are developed.

o   A concerned citizen or group brings the issue to attention

o   A bill is written and submitted to the clerk

o   A bill needs sponsored by a legislative member

o   The bill is referred to a committee and subcommittee

o   Markup session to revise the bill

o   The committee votes on the bill

o   Approved bills go to the full membership

o   If it passes, it moves to the other body (either senate or house)

o   If approved by senate and house its sent to the president, if they don’t both approve they have a conference.

o   The president can either sign or veto and return to the legislature (congress)

〇    Identify different strategies for influencing policy and regulatory changes.

o   Make your opinion known, present ideas, write letters, make phone calls, send emails, run for office, collect signatures for a petition, join an interest group,

〇    Know what DHHS and USDA oversee. Be able to give examples of what types of policy these departments oversee.

o   DHHS regulates public health policies such as Medicaid, the FDA, and the CDC

o   The USDA oversees food programs like SNAP and school lunches

〇    Know your senators and representatives.

o   IN state senator: Scott Alexander

o   IN state representative: Sue Errington

o   Congressional senator: Todd Young and Jim Banks

o   Congressional representative: Jefferson Shreve

〇    Describe the epidemiology of obesity and overweight among adults and children, including the changes during the last two decades and potential reasons for those changes.

o   Adults: obesity in adults has increased heavily in the last two decades, increasing from 30.5% to 41.2% in 20 years

o   Children: increased from 13.9% to 19.7% in 20 years

o   This is all due to diet changes and more processed foods, a decline in physical activity, and environmental factors such as food insecurity.

〇    Explain how to assess and survey obesity and overweight in the population and why this is important.

o   BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage

o   Reported weight and height data, BMI from NHANES and BRFSS

o   Population surveys and epidemiological studies

〇    List and discuss determinants of obesity and overweight within the context of the social–ecological model. Hint – draw this out!!

o   Individual: diet, activity, genetics, stress

o   Interpersonal: family, friends, support shape habits

o   Community: access to food and healthy living like a gym or healthcare facilities

o   Policy: laws on foods, advertisements, healthcare, and school meals

o   Environment: sidewalks, bike lanes, city planning

〇    Describe potential public health strategies to prevent obesity, including examples of current and proposed policies and legislation, and elaborate on how these public health approaches differ from more individual, clinical approaches.

o   Higher nutrition standards for school meals, menu labeling laws, healthy food access laws, SNAP, safe walking paths, public awareness.

o   Public health differs from clinical because it focuses on the community as a whole, aiming to prevent obesity before it occurs. If you are seeing a doctor for individualized care, you likely are already affected by obesity.

〇    List strategies, tools, and resources that a RDN can use to prevent obesity in the community.

o   Community based: programs to improve meals, access to fresh produces, healthy eating habits

o   Assessment & education: BMI, growth charts, 24 hr recall, MyPlate, label reading guides

o   Evidence based: Lets move campaign, AND papers, SNAP program

o   Advocacuy: support laws and policies

o   Digital: mobile apps like myfitnesspal, telehealth, apple watches

〇    Describe factors affecting the cost and delivery of health care.

o   Economics: healthcare spending, insurance coverage, pharmecutical costs

o   Policy: the ACA (affordable care act), telehealth

o   Social: aging population, increased chronic disease, health disparities, low income

o   Technology: medical advancements, electronic health record maintenance costs, AI may reduce costs

〇    Explain why health promotion is a major component of the rhetoric about health care reform at the national level.

o   Health promotion is so big because it addresses disease before it even happens. It aims to prevent before treating which is awesome. It focuses on the root cause. It also aims to promote quality of life overall. It also addresses the low income communities who have limited access to healthcare, nutrient dense foods, and preventative care.