Chapter 1- anatomy

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Anatomy

Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

Gross anatomy

Large structures, Easily observable

Microscopic anatomy

Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy

Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or function

Physiology

Structure determines what functions can occur

Physiology

For example, the air sacs of the lungs have very thin walls, a feature that enables them to exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body

level 1 of structural organization

atoms

level 2 of structural organization

cells

level 3 of structural organization

tissues

level 4 of structural organization

organs

level 5 of structural organization

organ systems

level 6 of structural organization

organisms

Integumentary system

Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails

Integumentary system

Waterproofs the body

Integumentary system

Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury

Integumentary system

Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight

Integumentary system

Excretes salts in perspiration

Integumentary system

Helps regulate body temperature

Integumentary system

Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Skeletal system

Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

Skeletal system

Provides muscle attachment for movement

Skeletal system

Protects vital organs

Skeletal system

Site of blood cell formation

Skeletal system

Stores minerals

Muscular system

Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)

Muscular system

Produces movement of bones

Nervous system

Fast-acting control system

Nervous system

Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Nervous system

Responds to internal and external stimuli

Nervous system

Sensory receptors detect changes

Nervous system

Messages are sent to the central nervous system

Nervous system

Central nervous system assesses information and activates effectors (muscles and glands)

Endocrine system

Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood

Endocrine system

Body functions controlled by hormones include: Growth, Reproduction, Use of nutrients

Endocrine system

…..glands include:

• Pituitary gland

• Thyroid and parathyroids

• Adrenal glands

• Thymus

• Pancreas

• Pineal gland

• Ovaries (females) and testes (males)

Cardiovascular system

• Includes heart and blood vessels——>Heart pumps blood ———>Vessels transport blood to tissues

Cardiovascular system

• Blood transports:

  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide

  • Nutrients

  • Hormones

Cardiovascular system

Blood also contains white blood cells and chemicals that provide protection from foreign invaders

Lymphatic system

Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs (Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils)

Lymphatic system

Complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids back to bloodstream

Lymphatic system

Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood

Lymphatic system

Houses white blood cells, which are involved in immunity

Respiratory system

Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Respiratory system

• Gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs in the lungs

  • Supplies the body with oxygen

  • Removes carbon dioxide

Digestive system

• Includes the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs

  • Accessory Organs: liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Digestive system

Breaks down food

Digestive system

Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

Digestive system

Eliminates indigestible material as feces

Urinary system

Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Urinary system

Maintains acid-base balance

Urinary system

Regulates water and electrolyte balance

Urinary system

Helps regulate normal blood pressure

Reproductive system

• For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system

  • Testes produce sperm

  • Duct system carries sperm to exterior

Reproductive system

• For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

  • Ovaries produce eggs

  • Uterus provides site of development for fetus

Survival needs: Metabolism

• chemical reactions within the body

  • Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones

  • Builds larger molecules from smaller ones

  • Produces energy (ATP)

  • Regulated by hormones

Survival needs: Excretion

• Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions

• Wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat

Survival needs: Reproduction

• Occurs on cellular level or organismal level

  • On cellular level—new cells are used for growth and repair

  • On organismal level—the reproductive system handles the task

Survival needs: Growth

• Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells)

• Hormones play a major role

Survival needs: Nutrients

• Chemicals used for energy and cell building

• Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

Survival needs: Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions

• Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Survival needs: Water

• 60 to 80 percent of body weight

• Most abundant chemical in the human body

• Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions

Survival needs: Normal body temp

• 37ºC (98.6ºF)

• Below this temperature, chemical reactions slow and stop

• Above this temperature, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly

Survival needs: Atmospheric pressure

Must be appropriate for gas exchange

Anatomical position

• Standard body position used to avoid confusion

• Terminology refers to this position regardless of actual body position

• Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

Supine

lying down, face up in the anatomical position

Prone

lying face down in the anatomical position

Directional terms

Explain location of one body structure in relation to another

Anterior:

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Ventral:

Belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to a human body)

Posterior (dorsal):

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

Superior:

above, at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)

Cranial or Cephalic:

the head, or the head end of the body

Inferior: 

below,  away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

Caudal:

the tail, at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body.

Medial:

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral:

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal: 

• toward the torso or an attached base

  • close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

Distal:

• Away from the torso or an attached base

  • farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external):

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal):

away from the body surface; more internal

Anterior (ventral)

body landmarks

Posterior (dorsal)

body landmarks

Sections

are cuts along imaginary lines known as planes

Three types of planes or sections

exist as right angles to one another

A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into

left and right parts

A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into

equal left and right parts

Parasagittal -

unequal parts

A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or organ) into

anterior and posterior parts 

A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into

superior and inferior parts

Two internal body cavities

• Dorsal

• Ventral

Body cavities provide varying degrees of

protection to organs within them

Body cavities permit significant changes

in the size and shape of internal organsDorsal body cavity has two subdivisions

Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions

Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity

Cranial cavity

• Houses the brain

• Protected by the skull

Spinal cavity

• Houses the spinal cord

• Protected by the vertebrae

• Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm

1. Thoracic cavity

2. Abdominopelvic cavity