BIOA02 - MODULE 1 TEST

Plants lose a great deal of water from their leaves in a process referred to as:

transpiration.

CAM plants do NOT operate the Calvin cycle at night because:

it requires ATP and NADPH made only during daylight

If you were evaluating varieties of rice, normally a C3 plant, in the hope of identifying a new variety capable of C4 photosynthesis, what level(s) of enzyme expression would you consider the most promising?

PEP carboxylase levels are higher in mesophyll cells than in bundle-sheath cells.

Suppose a mutation arises in a population of sunflowers that results in xylem vessels twice as large in diameter as the wild-type vessels. These mutant xylem vessels will have _____ water transport capacity, and will be _____ susceptible to cavitation from freezing.

higher; more

What would be the result if dispersal took a gamete to an environment not previously colonized by that species?

failure to colonize the new environment

A truck driver is transporting a load of unripe bananas in an airtight vehicle and decides to stop and eat an apple after checking on his cargo. He opens the back of his truck and, while walking around the unripe bananas, he decides the apple is overripe and drops it in the truck. When the bananas are finally delivered days later, he is surprised to find that all of his bananas have ripened. Why?

Exposure of the bananas to the apple (and its ethylene) instigated their ripening.

In plant adaptation to life on land, did spores or gametes evolve as the reproductive products for long-distance dispersal? Why?

spores, because a single spore, not a single gamete, can establish a new individual

Which of the options is not diploid (2n)?

pollen

If a pollen grain lands on a stigma that expresses the same S gene alleles as the pollen grain itself, what would happen?

Pollen would not germinate, or if it did, the tubes would grow slowly and die before reaching the ovules.

Which cells transport auxin out of immature leaves and eventually become the framework for new xylem and phloem in vascular plants?

procambial cells

Recall that leaves form in distinct arrangements (whorled, opposite, or alternate) on the stems of vascular plants. How might chemical factors cause new leaves to form in these particular patterns?

Leaf primordia drain auxin from neighboring cells, with new primordia forming where auxin in the meristem surface is at the highest concentration.

You are growing plants hydroponically (rooted in an aqueous solution rather than soil). The solution for the control group of plants contains normal levels of salts and nutrients, while the solution for the treatment group has a high concentration of large molecular weight solutes that are excluded by roots. You find that the plants in the treatment group are, on average, smaller than those in the control group, but there is no significant difference between the groups in the amount of CO2 being fixed by the average plant. What differences between groups, at the cellular level, would you expect to make an important contribution to the difference in size of the shoots?

The length of cells in the elongation and mature zones would be larger in the control group.

A mutant version of Arabidopsis thaliana has been engineered to convert it from a long-day plant to a short-day plant. What is responsible for triggering the development of flowers in this plant?

Day length decreases back to a critical length, causing an appropriate decrease in Pfr : Pr ratio and increased expression of genes required for flowering.

Chemical defenses are an important part of plant-herbivore interactions. The production of these chemical defense compounds results in an energetic cost to the organism. Which of the statements explains how natural selection resulted in the evolution of these chemical compounds?

Individuals that produce chemical compounds are better protected from herbivores and are able to produce more offspring than individuals that do not produce the compounds.

The xylem of angiosperms is composed of ____, allowing these plants to thrive in tropical climates and have high rates of photosynthesis. Gymnosperms are successful in cold climates because their xylem is composed of ___, which reduce the risk of cavitation due to freezing.

vessels; tracheids

About two-thirds of human caloric intake consists of wheat, rice, and corn. What tissues constitute the majority of the nutritional content of these plant-based foods?

endosperm and female gametophytes

Plants require water primarily_____, but water is also critical _____.

to replace the water vapour lost to transpiration; as an input to photosynthesis reactions

Which of the groups lacks well-developed vascular tissues?

hornworts

Which of the factors causes stomata to close?

water loss

True or False: Plants exert greater forces to draw water up through the xylem than is possible with a vacuum pump.

true

Vascular plants store most carbohydrate reserves as:

starch

What benefit do nitrogen-fixing bacteria receive in their symbiotic relationship with plants?

they receive carbohydrates

Which of the statements best defines cavitation?

Cavitation is the formation and expansion of gas bubbles in the xylem.

Which of the statements is true of transport in phloem?

It is driven by turgor pressure.

Removing plants from an area, such as when harvesting crops, removes a great deal of nitrogen. One of the ways farmers enable soils to recover nitrogen content naturally is:

planting the field with legumes.

Vascular plants hydrate photosynthetic cells using_____, whereas bryophytes do so using _____.

soil water; surface water

Some agricultural crops are incompatible with low-lying land that has persistently high moisture levels in the soil because the crops can "drown" from too much water. Farmers in some such areas have found that planting rows of trees between fields results in the trees taking up enough water from the soil and transpiring it into the air that crop production can become successful. What type of trees would be best for this purpose and why?

angiosperms, because their xylem vessels support the highest potential transpiration rates

True or False: Carbohydrates are stored in a plant's roots, but may also be released into the surrounding soil, where they feed the microbial community.

true

The carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a plant body come from _____, whereas the majority of other elements come from _____.

carbon dioxide and water; the soil

As a general rule, _____, which transport water in _____, have a potentially higher transpiration rate than _____, which transport water in _____.

angiosperms; vessels; gymnosperms; tracheids

Under what circumstances can leaves be sinks for carbohydrates delivered by phloem?

when they are very young

Sugar loaded into the source end of the phloem draws water into the sieve tubes by osmosis, raising the pressure. What happens to the water at the sink end?

It follows the sugars out of the sieve tubes via osmosis.

What approximate percentage of the dry mass of plants comes from the nutrients taken up from the soil by roots?

~4%

Suppose you could insert a microscopic fluid pressure sensor into various parts of a plant's vascular tissues. What would be your prediction of the order of pressures, from lowest to highest, in the following locations?

xylem in leaf → xylem in root → phloem in root → phloem in leaf

In vascular plants, water transport works only if:

the water column is continuous between leaves and soil.

Mycorrhizae are _____ relationships in which the plant partner receives _____, while the _____ partner receives _____ made by the plant.

symbiotic; increased mineral nutrient availability; fungal; carbohydrates

What do bryophytes and ferns require for successful reproduction that other more complex plants do not?

free water in which sperm can swim to eggs

Spore cells in bryophytes is:

Haploid

Which stage in bryophytes is the dominant stage of life?

Gametophyte

Which of the following is true of the bryophytes?

A) It is the only group that shows an alternation of generations. \n B) Bryophytes exhibit extensive vascular tissue. \n C) The sporophyte (multicellular diploid) is the dominant stage. \n D) The gametophyte (multicellular haploid) is the dominant stage.

The gametophyte (multicellular haploid) is the dominant stage.

All plants exhibit alternation of generations. This means their life cycle

has both a multicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid stage.

In plants,

gametes are produced directly after mitosis in the gametophyte

Which three groups of plants are Bryophytes?

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

All flowering plants (angiosperms)

produce fruit

In the angiosperms, the

sporophyte is prominent, and the gametophyte is dependent upon the sporophyte.

Which of these best describes the gametophyte in the alternation of generations life cycle?

generation that produces the gametes

Which of these best describes the sporophyte generation?

generation that produces spores

The nonvascular plants are the ______.

hornworts, liverworts and mosses

What is the function of the archegonium?

to carry out asexual reproduction

Which of these best describes a protonema?

a branching filament that is the result of spore germination

Which of these is NOT true of bryophytes?

A) include liverworts and mosses

B) lack vascular tissue

C) require moisture to accomplish fertilization

D) produce spores carried by insects

produce spores carried by insects

In vascular plants, _________ generation is dominant.

the diploid sporophyte

In the fern, the zygote begins its development inside ________.

an archegonium

In the fern, the gametophyte _________

is a tiny heart-shaped structure

What two groups of plants produce seeds?

gymnosperms and angiosperms

The gymnosperms produce ______ seeds meaning that they are NOT enclosed by fruits.

“naked”

Which of these are gymnosperms?

A) ephedra

B) ginkgo

C) conifers

D) all of the above

all of the above

A similarity between ferns and mosses is that both

produce spores

Male Gametophyte is called the________ and produces __________

Antheridium, sperm

Female Gametophyte is called the________ and produces __________

Archegonium, eggs

Bryophytes, Mosses & Liverworts, are

Non-vascular Plants

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem, separate gametophyte and sporophyte phases, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to:

ferns

What are the reproductive organs of flowers?

stamens and pistils

Angiosperms produce covered seeds enclosed by fruits.

True

Ferns produce desiccation-prone spore.

True

New angiosperm plants are dispersed by means of seeds.

True

Pollen (haploid) is stored in the antheridium.

True

Egg (diploid) is stored in the archegonium.

True

The ferns were the first plants to evolve vascular tissue.

False

Which of the following is factor that limits growth?
a. low dispersal rates due to lack of wind
b. increased hydraulic pressure causing root desiccation.
c. herbivory
d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a secondary meristem tissue?
a. root apical meristem
b. lateral root meristem
c. vascular cambium
d. B and C
e. all of the above

B and C

Where are the majority of stoma positioned on the leaf?

lower side

The plant life cycle has both a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation. In the sporophyte stage:

meiosis occurs

The process of developing seeds in the absence of fertilization

apomixis

hormone that triggers the closing of stomata

ethylene

Which of the following is a part of the structure of roots but NOT shoots?

a. epidermis \n b. vascular cambium \n c. pericycle \n d. cortex \n e. two of the above

two of the above

The cork cambium produces which of the following tissues?

a. cork \n b. secondary xylem \n c. phloem rays \n d. A and B \n e. A and C

A and B

In what way are the rings of xylem and phloem organized within woody plants?

a. the newer layers of xylem are farthest away from the vascular cambium \n b. the newer layers of phloem are farthest away from the vascular cambium \n c. the newer layers of xylem are closest to the vascular cambium \n d. A and B \n e. B and C

B and C

You examine a cross section of a tree and have determined that it has 5 layers of secondary xylem. How many years has this tree been alive for?

5

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

secondary xylem

What is the correct organization as you move from the growing tip of the root \n upward? \n I. root cap \n II. zone of elongation \n III. zone of cell division \n IV. zone of cell maturation

I, III, II, IV

Secondary growth:

is accomplished in part by the vascular cambium

Organs that we see in the primary growth in shoots for plants

shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia

What is found between the pericycle and the phloem?

parenchyma

Secondary meristems that are modified in secondary growth that gives rise to secondary tissue

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Regions of loosely packed cells in the cork that allow oxygen to diffuse into the stem

Lenticels

Layer of actively dividing cells becomes distant from phloem

Cork cambium

Forms from cortex cells that regress to earlier state as meristem cells

Cork cambium

Layer that is pushed outwards as secondary xylem are formed

cork cambium

The elongation of root and stem forms what is known as the

Primary plant body

Which of the following is not a kind of epidermal cell? \n a. trichome \n b. root hair \n c. guard cell \n d. cork

cork

The primary walls of the endodermis are impregnated with

suberin

Wood consists of accumulated

secondary xylem

The apical meristem gives rise to all of the following except

vascular cambium

Primary growth in plants is initiated by the

apical meristems

What do fibers, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and xylem have in common? \n a. They are all components of plant connective tissues. \n b. They all function in support of the plant. \n c. They are all dead at maturity \n d. A and B \n e. All of the above

a. They are all components of plant connective tissues. \n b. They all function in support of the plant.

Which of the following statements about phloem tissue is correct?

A) Phloem tissue distributes water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the rest of the plant.

B) The sieve elements of angiosperms are sieve tube members, while the sieve elements of gymnosperms are sieve cells.

C) Primary and secondary phloem is derived from the vascular cambium.

D) Phloem may be primary or secondary, but in either case the sieve elements are nonliving cells.

E) Only a and d are correct.

The sieve elements of angiosperms are sieve tube members, while the sieve elements of gymnosperms are sieve cells.

Internode elongation in corn results from the growth of

intercalary meristem

Unlike the flow through vessels, water conducted by tracheids must flow through

pits

Fleshy fruits that are brightly colored are often dispersed by

birbs