nutrition exam 2/ vitamins and minerals

fat soluble vitamins

A , D, E, and K/ vitamins are incorporated with absorbed fat and transported by chylomicrons/ best eaten w fat and can be stored for a long period of time

functions of vit A

vision, tissue strength, immunity and growth

requirements for vit A

•  food forms and units of measure, body storage 

foods vit A is found in

Found in retinol, animal sources such as fish liver oils, egg yolk, butter, cream, milk fat (preformed) and yellow, orange, or deep green fruits or veggies (provitamin), carotenoids/ cook with little water to help preserve

deficiency disease of vit A

xerosis and xerophthalmia

toxicity symptoms of vit A

hypervitaminosis A/ excessive consumption during pregnancy= teratogen

vit D functions

• calcium and phosphorus homeostasis/ stimulates intestinal absorption and reorption from bone/ bone mineralization 

• prohormones= calciferol

  • Vit D2= ergocalciferol 

  • Vit D3= cholecalciferol 

requirements for vit D

•  difficult to establish/ many americans found to have an inadequate vit D sotres and cause is lack of sun exposure 

deficiency disease for vit D

rickets and osteoporosis

toxicity syndrome for vit D

infants and children are at risk via supplementation

food sources for vit D

fortified foods such as milk

vit E (tocopherol) functions

antioxidant to protect cell membranes and relation to selenium metabolism

vit E deficiency disease

• hemolytic anemia in premature infants/ dietary deficiency is rare

toxicity syndromes w vit E

• no known toxic effects but too much can interfere w vit K activity 

food sources for vit E

• Food sources= vegetable oils (wheat germ, soybean, and safflower)/ nuts, seeds, fortified cereal 

vit K functions

• Major form= phylloquinone/ dietary form in plants 

• functions= blood clotting, bone development of several proteins in bone and cartilage require vit K dependent modifications 

vit K deficiency disease

blood loss/ Primary deficiency is uncommon but secondary deficiency can occur/ those w malabsorption syndrome and those that are given antibiotics to kill intestinal bacteria 

toxicity symptoms of vit K

none

food source of vit K

green leafy leaves

what do vit E and A have in common

oxidation, absorption, and storage

what do vit A, D, and K have in common

bone growth and remodeling

what do vit E and K have in common

blood clotting

water soluble vitamins

vit C and all B vitamins/ easily absorbed and transported but not stored / should be eaten on a daily basis except B6 and B12

vit C (ascorbic acid) functions

• functions= in connective tissue= helps build strong tissues thru collagen synthesis/ used body metabolism in adrenals, brain, kidney, liver, pancreas, thymus, and spleen/ antioxidant= similar to vit E/ too much can interfere w vit K activity 

deficiency disease for vit C

• easy bruising and tissue bleeding, susceptibility to bone fracture, scurvy 

toxicity symptoms

GI disturbances and osmotic diarrhea

food sources of vit C

• best= citrus fruits, bell peppers, and kiwis/ other= berries, broccoli, tomato juice, other green and yellow veggies 

vit B1 (thiamin) function

•  coenzyme for ATP production to help high energy systems such as gastrointestinal, nervous, and cardiac systems 

deficiency disease for vit B1

• poor appetite, indigestion, constipation, beriberi 

toxicity of vit B1

none

food sources of vit B1

pork, whole/enriched grains, legumes

B2 (riboflavin functions)

coenzymes in production of ATP

deficiency disease of vit B2

• areas of body w rapid cell regen (lips, mouth, tongue, etc) 

toxicity symptoms of vit B2

none

food sources of vit B2

milk, enriched grains, animal protein, almonds, and soybeans

vit B3 (niacin) functions

energy metabolism and DNA repair

deficiency disease of vit B3

• weakness, poor appetite, and systemic symptoms/ pellagra= dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death

toxicity of vit B3

•  skin flushing, burning, tingling, itching from supplements 

food sources of vit B3

meat, poultry, fish and eggs/ enriched and whole grain products

B6 (pyridoxine) functions

protein metabolism and neurotransmitter

deficiency disease for B6

unlikely

toxicity of B6

• from supplements= uncoordinated movement and nerve damage (reversible upon discontinuance) 

food sources of B6

• widespread in foods= grains, enriched cereals, meats 

folate functions

• DNA and hemoglobin synthesis/ regulation of bloos homocysteine levels 

folate deficiency disease

• megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencephaly), pregnancy (should take a month before conception) 

folate toxicity

• none from food but excessive can mask biochemical indicators of vit B12 deficiency 

food sources of folate

in natural and fortified foods

vit B12 (cobalamin) functions

• DNA synthesis and cell division/ regulation of blood homocystein levels/ heme synthesis 

deficiency disease of B12

• due to poor absorption and can occur in vegans/ pernicious anemia 

food sources of B12

beef liver, lean meat, clams, oysters, herring, and crab

pantothenic acid functions

• cellular metabolism/ energy extraction/ protein acetylation and protein acylaction 

deficiency disease and toxicity symptoms of pathothenic acid

unlikely/ none

food sources of pantothenic acid

occurs widely

biotin functions

coenzyme for carboxylases

biotin deficiency and toxicity

no natural ones and none

food sources of biotin

occurs widely

choline functions

structural integrity of cell membranes and neurotransmission

deficiency disease of choline

liver and muscle damage

toxicity symptoms of choline

lowered blood pressure and fishy body odor

foods w choline

occurs widely

minerals

needed to perform metabolic tasks

• function= building tissue/ activating, regulating, transmitting, and controlling metabolic processes 

  • Mineral metabolism

    • digestion= not required 

    • absorption= in ionic forms/ rate is determined by food form, body need, and tissue health 

    • transport= enter thru portal circulation bound to proteins 

    • Tissue uptake= controlled by hormones, excess excreted in urine 

major minerals

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfur

functions of calcium

bone and tooth formation, blood clotting (essential for fibrin formation), muscle and nerve action, metabolic reactions

deficiency states of calcium

hypocalcemia and osteoporosis

toxicity states of calcium

hypercalcemia

food sources of calcium

 milk, green veggies, fish w bones, fortified food

phosphorus function

• bone and tooth formation, energy metabolism, acid base balance 

deficiency states of phosphorus

• hypophosphatemia/ can occur from overconsumption of antacids containing aluminum 

phosphorus symptoms

hyperphosphatemia

food sources for phsophorus

•  high protein foods, milk, milk products, meat, fish, eggs 

sodium functions

water balance, muscle action, and nutrient absorption

deficiency state of sodium

rare/ hyponatremia

toxicity symptoms of sodium

• salt sensitivity, hypertension, and hypernatremia 

food sources of sodium

•  table salt, cured meat, canned soups, processed food 

potassium functions

•  water balance, metabolic reactions (energy production, conversion of blood glucose to glycogen, synthesis of muscle protein)/ muscle action, insulin release, blood pressure 

deficiency state of potassium

hypokalemia

toxicity state of potassium

hyperkalemia

food sources of potassium

unprocessed foods

chloride function

• Predominantly in extracellular fluid 

• functions= maintains water and acid base balance/ digestion= component of hydrochloric acid/ respiration= chloride shift 

deficiency states of chloride

thru vomiting

toxicity symptoms

from severe dehydration

food sources of chloride

salt

magnesium functions

• Most is intracellular 

• functions= general metabolism, protein synthesis, muscle action, basal metabolic rate 

deficiency state of magnesium

hypomagnesemia

toxicity symptoms of magnesium

• excessive supplements may produce GI symptoms 

food sources of magnesium

• nuts, soybeans, legumes, whole grains, oats, cocoa 

sulfur functions

•  hair, skin, nails/ general metabolic functions, vitamin structure (component of thiamin and biotin) and collagen structure 

sulfur deficiency state and toxicity symptoms

not reported/ unlikely

food sources of sulfur

animal proteins= meat, eggs, cheese, milk, nuts, legumes

trace minerals

iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, fluoride, copper, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, and aluminum, arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, tin, and vanadium (not talked about)

iron functions

• transported in the body bound to transferrin and stored as ferritin in the liver, spleen, and other tissues 

  • functions= part of hemoglobin/ general metabolism (proper glucose metabolism, antibody production, drug detoxification in liver, collagen and purine synthesis, conversion of beta carotene to vit A 

deficiency state of iron

anemia

toxicity state of iron

• overdose of 45mg and more and hemochromatosis from genetic mutations 

food sources of iron

• heme and non here/ liver, meats, egg yolk, whole grains, enriched grains, dark green veggies, legumes, nuts 

iodine function

• part of thyroxine to regulate metabolic rate

toxicity state of iodine

hyperthyroidism

food sources of iodine

•  iodinated table salt, seafood; depends on soil content 

deficiency states of iodine

•  goiter= enlargement of the thyroid gland/ cretinism/ impaired mental and physical development/ hypothyroidism 

zinc functions

•  300+ enzymes, immune sys, and other functions 

deficiency states of zinc

•  poor wound healing, impaired taste and smell (hypogeusia and hyposmia)