APUSH Unit 7

Progressivism

A loose array of movements that worked to clean up politics, fight poverty, increase racial and economic justice, and protect environmental resources, giving their name to the early 20th century progressive era

Jacob Riis

Took photos of tenement interiors for his book “How The Other Half Lives”; helped people better understand the problems of poverty, disease, and crime

Sanitation

Creative quarantine, clean-water initiatives, sewer and drainage systems, garbage collections, and hand-washing; improvements aimed at reducing disease and promoting public health; by 1913, a nationwide survey of 198 cities found that they were spending an average of $1.28 per person for sanitation and other health measures

“City Beautiful” movement

A 20th century that advocated landscape beautification, playgrounds, and more and better urban parks

The Red Light District

Facilitated white slavery of young white women, who were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution, and urban prostitution; women entered prostitution as a result of low-wage jobs, economic desperation, abandonment, and often sexual or domestic abuse

The Mann Act

Prohibited the transportation of prostitutes across state lines

Hull House

One of the first and most famous social settlements, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams in an impoverished, largely Italian immigrant neighborhoods in Chicago’s west side; offered bathhouses, playgrounds, kindergartens, day care centers, libraries, gymnasiums , cooperative kitchens, and penny saving banks

Jane Addams

She created the Hull House and served as a spark plug for community improvement and political reform

Margaret Sanger

A nurse who moved to New York City in 1911 and volunteered with a lower coast side settlement; launched a crusade for what she called birth control. her newspaper column “What Every Girl Should Know”, soon gained an indictment for violating obscenity laws. The publicity that resulted helped Sanger launch a national birth control movement

Pure Food and Drug Act

A 1906 law that created the Food and Drug Administration to regulate the food and drug industries to ensure safety

National Consumers League

A nationwide progressive organization that encouraged women, through their shopping decisions, to support fair wages and working conditions for industrial workers

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A devastating fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City on March 25, 1911, that killed 146 people, mostly young immigrant women, that prompted passage of state laws to increase workplace safety and regulate working hours for women and children

John Muir

Famous voice for wilderness, developed a deep spiritual relationship with the natural world; founded the Sierra Club

The Sierra Club

An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of Americas great mountains and wilderness environments; encouraged by such groups, national and state governments began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation

The National Park Service

A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks, established to allow Americans to access and enjoy sites of natural beauty

The National Audubon Society

Advanced for broader protections for wild birds, especially herons and egrets, which were being slaughtered by the thousands for their plumes

Antitrust Legislation

Refers to a collection of federal laws designed to promote fair competition and prevent the formation of monopolies or cartels that restrict trade

Elkins Act

Prohibited discriminatory railway rates that favored powerful customers

Hepburn Act

A 1906 antitrust law that empowered the federal interstate commerce commission to set railroad shipment rates wherever it believed that railroads were unfairly alluding to set prices

Newlands Reclamation Act and the Antiquities Act

A 1902 law, supported by President Theodore Roosevelt, that allowed the federal government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation projects that expanded agriculture on arid lands

Robert La Follette and the Wisconsin Idea

A policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations

Lewis Hine and the National Child Labor Committee

A reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully) to win a federal law banning child labor. The NCLC hired photographer Lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked

Muller v. Oregon

A 1908 supreme court that uphold an Oregon law limiting women’s workday to ten hours, based on the need to protect women’s health for motherhood. Muller established a groundwork for states to protect workers but divided women’s rights activists, some of whom saw it as discriminatory

“Mother’s Pensions”

Progressive era public payments to mothers who did not have help from a male breadwinner. Recipients had to meet standards of “respectability” defined by middle-class home visitors, reflecting a broader impulse to protect women but hold them to a different standard than men

W.E.B. DuBois

Called for a talented truth; Talented truth is a term for the top 10% of educated African Americans, whom he called on to develop new strategies to advocate for civil rights

The Niagara Principles

Called for full voting rights; an end to segregation; equal treatment in the justice system; and equal opportunity in education, jobs, healthcare, and military service

NAACP

An organization founded in 1909 by leading African American reformers and white allies as a vehicle for advocating equal rights for African Americans, especially through the courts

Industrial Workers of the World

Radical international labor union founded in 1905 that sought to unite all workers into “one big union” regardless of skill, race, or gender, with the ultimate goal of overthrowing capitalism through direct action and industrial sabotage

Roosevelt — New Nationalism

Roosevelt’s 1910 proposal to enhance public welfare through a federal child labor law, more recognition of labor rights, a national minimum wage for women, women’s suffrage, and curbs on the power of federal courts

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S. and the only person to also serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, known for his “dollar diplomacy” and for filing more antitrust lawsuits in a single term that Roosevelt in seven years

Eugene Debs

Founded the American Railway Union which was a broad-based group that included both skilled and unskilled workers; launched the Socialist Party of America → translated socialism into an American idiom, emphasizing the democratic process as a means to defeat capitalism

Woodrow Wilson

New Jersey’s Governor → passage of a direct primary, worker’s compensation, and utility recognition

16th Amendment

Grants Congress the explicit power to impose a federal income tax on citizens and businesses without apportioning it among the states based on population

The Federal Reserve Act

The central bank system of the United States, created in 1913. The Federal Reserve helps set the money supply level, thus influencing the rate of growth of the U.S. economy, and seeks to ensure the stability of the U.S. monetary system

Clayton Antitrust Act

A 1914 law that gave more power to the Justice Department to pursue antitrust cases to prevent corporations from exercising monopoly power; it also specified that labor unions could not generally be prosecuted for “restraint of trade”

New benefits for American workers

Federal laws projecting workers’ rights to organize and engage in collective bargaining; workmen’s compensation law for federal employees

Adamson Act

Established an 8 hour for railroad workers

Seamen’s Act

Eliminated age-old abuses of merchant sailors

What were the limits of the Progressive reform movement?

frequent failure to address racial segregation and disenfranchisement, its tendency to prioritize middle-class moralism over the needs of the immigrant working class, and its reliance on technocratic “expert” rule that could at times undermine direct grassroots democracy

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage

Alfred T. Mahan and the Influence of Sea Power upon History

Urged the U.S. to enter the fray, observing that naval power had been essential to past empires

The Yellow Journalism factor

Turned their plight into a cause célébre; coverage of Spanish atrocities fed a surge of American nationalism, especially among those who feared that industrialization was causing men to lose physical strength and valor

William McKinley

Republican President, took a more aggressive stance that his predecessor, president during the war of 1898 and lowk caused it

The War of 1898

Fight between Spain (who wanted to keep Cuba), U.S. (who now wanted Cuba), and Cuba (who was being taken over and fought back)

The Teller Amendment

An amendment to the 1898 U.S. declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the U.S. to occupy Ciba, reassured Americans that their country would respect the political independence of other nations

The Philippines

Spanish-owned, U.S. wanted it because it was a major foothold in the Western Pacific

The Annexation of Hawaii

Valued as a halfway station to the Philippines, strategic corporate backed coup and forced sovereignty transfer, overthrew the queen and basically just took it

Anti-Imperialists

Diverse group of people who didn’t like imperialism for different reasons → racists believed they were racially superior than the people they were imperializing, non-racists believed that everyone was equal no matter where they came from, and the people concerned over jobs because they believed the immigrants would take them

The Filipino War

Filipinos were confronted with annexation, so they turned on the U.S. and fought back; U.S. army resorted to the tactics Spain had employed in Cuba such as burning crops and villages and rounding up civilians into camps; fighting ended in 1902 when William Howard Taft sought to make the territory a model of roadbuilding and sanitary engineering

Insular Cases

A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S. constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories; only congress could decide whether to grant citizenship

The Platt Amendment

A 1902 amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the U.S. and gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. The amendment was a condition for U.S. withdrawal from the newly independent island

The “Open Door” Policy

A claim put forth by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access

The Root-Takahira Amendment

A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan’s authority over Manchuria

The building of the Panama Canal

A canal across the Isthmus of Panama connecting trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Built by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914, the canal gave U.S. naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the U.S. with a commanding position in the Wester Hemisphere

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

A 1903 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the U.S. would act as “policemen” in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of “wrongdoing or impotence” in order to protect U.S. interests’ in Latin America

List 5 reasons why we ended up in World War 1

M.A.I.N (militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism); unrestricted submarine warfare → German U-boats sinking merchant ships, including the U.S. around Great Britain, death of Americans and loss of cargo; sinking of the Lusitania → killed 128 Americans, turned American opinion sharply against Germany; The Zimmerman Telegram → intercepted message from Germany to Mexico trying to create an alliance and harm the U.S.; Economic ties to the Allies → U.S. had loaned billions toward Allied nations, and if they lost the war, those debts may never be repaid, which gave a financial incentive; and the Russian Revolution → allowed Wilson to frame the war as a “war for democracy” which made it easier to join

American Expeditionary Force

Trained, outfitted, and carries across the submarine-plagued Atlantic, sent to Europe to fight with the Allies

The Bolshevik Revolution

Communist revolution, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik party overthrew the government

The Doughboys

4 million American men who wore U.S. uniforms, as did several thousand female nurses

War Industries Board

A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production, including allocation of resources, conversion of factories to war production, and setting prices

National War Labor Board

A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an 8-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime), endorsed equal pay for women, and supported worker’s right to organize

Food Administration

Created in August 1917 and led by engineer Herbert Hoover; convinced farmers to nearly double their average of grain and this increase allowed a threefold rise in food exports to Europe

Committee on Public Information

A government propaganda agency headed by journalist George Creel. By professing lofty goals (educating citizens about democracy, assimilating immigrants, and ending the isolation of rural life) the committee got out to mold Americans into a “one white-hot mess” of war patriotism

Four-Minute Men

CPI enlisted thousands of volunteers to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters

Sedition Act of 1918

Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the Untied States or help in the cause of its enemies

Schenck v. United States

The Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a socialist who was jailed for circulating pamphlets that urged army draftees to resist induction

The Great Migration

The migration of more than 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after WW1

Changes for Mexican Americans

Wartime labor shortages prompted Mexican Americans in the Southwest to leave farm work for urban industrial jobs; Mexicans moved across the broader for a better chance

NAWSA — Carrie Chapman Catt

The National American Woman Suffrage Association threw the support of its 2 million members wholeheartedly into the war effort. Its president, Carrie Chapman Catt, declared that women had to prove their patriotism to win the ballot

National Woman’s Party — Alice Paul

A political party founded in 1916 that fought for women’s suffrage, and after helping to achieve that goal in 1920, advocated for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. constitution

The 19th Amendment

Prohibits the U.S. and state governments from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of sex

The Fourteen Points

Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by president Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles. Among them were open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, territorial integrity, arms reduction, national self-determination, and creation of the League of Nations

League of Nations

An international organization of nations to prevent future hostilities, proposed by president Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of WW1. Although the League of Nations was formed, the U.S. never became a member state

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty ended WW1. The agreement redrew the map of the world, assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war, and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages. Its long-term impact around the globe, including the creation of British and French imperial “mandates”, was catastrophic

The Red Scare

A term for anticommunist hysteria that swept the United States, first after WW1 and again after WW2, and led to government raids, deportations of radicals, and a suppression of civil liberties

Palmer raids

A series of raids ordered by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on radical organizations that peaked in January 1920, when federal agents arrested six thousand citizens and aliens and denied them access to legal counsel

Sacco and Vanzetti

Police arrested them for the murder of 2 men during a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts; both were Italian immigrants; case was clearly biased on prosecutors’ emphasis on their radical ties on foreign birth

The Great Migration pt 2?

The migration of 6 million African Americans from the South to the North and West between 1916 and 1970

Red Summer

Antiblack riots in the summer and fall of 1919 by white Americans in more than two dozen cities leading to hundreds of deaths. The worst riot occurred in Chicago, in which 38 people were killed (23 blacks and 15 whites)

American Plan

Strategy by American businesses in the 1920s to keep workplaces free of unions, which included refusing to negotiate with trade unions and requiring workers to sign contracts pledging to not join a union

Coronado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers (1925)

Court ruled that a striking union could be penalized for illegal restraint of trade; drove down membership in labor unions from 5.1 million in 1920 to 3.6 million in 1929

Welfare capitalism

A system of labor relations that stressed management’s responsibility for employees’ well-being

Dollar Diplomacy

The use of American foreign policy to stabilize the economies of foreign nations, especially in the Caribbean and South America, in order to benefit American commercial interests, between WW1 and the early 1930s

Ex: American capital flowed into Cuba, allowing U.S.-owned companies to seize land and dominate the agricultural economy

James M. Cox

Democrat nominated for president in 1920 on a platform of U.S. participation in the League of Nations and a continuations of Wilson’s progressivism

Warren G. Harding

Republican nominated and he promised “not nostrums but normalcy”, meaning a return to prewar life and prosperity; domestic policy favored business

Teapot Dome Scandal — Albert Fall

Nickname for scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall occupied 300,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming. It was part of a larger pattern of corruption that marred Warren G. Harding’s presidency

Calvin Coolidge

Vice president to Harding before he died → went to oval office; advocated limited government and tax cuts for businesses and campaigned for election in his own right in the presidential race of 1924

Consumer Credit

Forms of borrowing, such as auto loans and installment plans, that flourished in the 1920s and worsened the crash that led to the Great Depression

Hollywood and Radio

Hollywood is a city in Southern California that became synonymous with the American movie industry in the 1920s

Radio, a new and fast-developing technology, hastened the spread of consumer culture in the years following WW1; unprecedented immediacy and intimacy

Flappers

A young woman of the 1920s who defied conventional standards of conduct by wearing knee length skirts and bold makeup, freely spending the money she earned on the latest fashions, dancing to jazz and flaunting her liberated lifestyle; influential symbol of women's sexual and social emancipation

The example of the automobile

Car sales played a major role in the decades economic surge, created 3.7 million jobs, highway construction became a billion-dollar-a-year enterprise, financed by federal subsidies and state gas taxes; Cars change the way American spent their leisure time, as proud drivers took their machines on the road

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity And Infancy Act

The first federally funded health care legislation that provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses; led to improved health-care for the poor and significantly lowered infant mortality rates

ERA

Equal Rights Amendment; Stated that men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States

For African American women

Groups such as the National Association of Colored Women had fought for suffrage in the 1930s, just as white women had; Black women sought racial, not just gender, equality

Prohibition

Protestants hailed temperance to alcohol is good for health and Christian virtue; Prohibition's most ardent supporters were native-born, small-town Protestants and its greatest opponents were immigrants and middle-class urbanites

The Scopes Trial

The 1925 trial of John Scopes, a biology teacher in Dayton, TN, for violating his state's ban on teaching evolution. The trial created a nationwide media frenzy and came to be seen as a showdown between urban and rural values

Nativism

“America must be kept America”; Nativism fueled a momentous shift in immigration policy

The National Origins Act

A federal law limiting annual immigration from each foreign country to no more than 2% of that nationality's percentage of the U.S. population as it had stood in 1890. The law severely limited immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe

Ku Klux Klan

Secret society that first undertook violence against African Americans in the South after the Civil War but was reborn in 1915 to fight the perceived threats posed by African Americans, immigrants, radicals, feminists, Catholics, and Jews

Al Smith

Democrat nominated and the first presidential candidate to reflect the aspirations of the urban working class