Period 4

Judiciary Act of 1801

Increased the number of federal judges so it allowed Adams to appoint 16 new judges with Federalist tendencies in the Supreme Court

Midnight judges

The 16 judges appointed by Adams

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

William Marbury (one of Adams' appointees) filed suit against the government because Jefferson didn't accept them; John Marshall made a politically moderate ruling by saying Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Acts of 1789; strengthed power of judicial review

Judicial review

The Supreme Court's ability to determine the constitutionality of local, state, and federal laws

John Marshall

Supreme court chief justice

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Supreme court said Yazoo Land company could keep its original land grant; affirmed the federal power to guarantee contracts and ensured smooth interstate business transactions

McCullough v. Maryland (1819)

national bank refused to pay the MD tax and took the case to the Supreme Court stating it was unconstitutional; the court said no state could tax a federal institution that was "necessary and proper"; showed the power of the court to interpret the constitution and force states to abide by it

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Gibbons and Ogden argued over steamboats that crossed between NY and NJ; Gibson had federal license to operate in both states; Ogden tried to use NY law to gain a monopoly on interstate steamboat biz; supreme court sided with Gibbons; showed that the government could assert its power when it came to interstate commerce

Quids

Radical sub-group of Democratic-Republicans who hated what Jefferson was doing as president; Didn't like how he was a nationalist now (kept Hamilton's National Bank and the neutrality stance) and thought he was going to take away state rights; Led by John Randolph

Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton

Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and Hamilton was killed

Embargo of 1807

Jefferson issued this (said no more American trade with anyone) instead of declaring war because they would realize how dependent they are on American products; American economy was hit hard by this (especially New England) and Britain and France weren't as affected (they just traded with other countries lol)

USS Chesapeake

An American military ship that the Leopard (British ship) attacked and impressed some of the sailors and killed them (first time)

Non-Intercourse Act

1809
Madison pushed this to change the embargo (American will open up trade with the world except Britain and France); Britain and France were the biggest world markets and the US needed their products and needed to trade with them

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810
If Britain or France agrees to stop attacking American ships, the US will resume trade and continue to embargo the other country; France took up the offer (but still impressed US ships) and US became enemies to Britain

Causes of the War of 1812

Impressment of American sailors; British violation of US waters; Canada; British incitement of natives in the West; Rise of the war hawks

William Henry Harrison

Sent by Madison to lead troops to defeat the Shawnees Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) and the US wins; led US troops at the Battle of the Thames (1813)

Tecumseh

Important leader to the Shawnee tribe (and other tribes) and encouraged tribes to come together to fight back on white Americans migrating West; was killed at the Battles of the Thames

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811
Took place in Indiana; Tecumseh and Prophet encouraged tribes to come together to fight back on white Americans migrating West; white Americans fought Native Americans; the US won

"War Hawks"

Young, feisty Westerners who wanted Western Expansion (kill Native Americans), expansion into Canada, and war with Britain; Got seats in Congress in 1810 (more influence)

John Calhoun

War Hawk from South Carolina

Henry Clay

War hawk from Kentucky; negotiated Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814); created Missouri Compromise (1820); American system (economic plan)

Daniel Webster

Hartford Convention

1814
Mostly strong, intense Federalists that were angry about the war and wanted to change the government to make sure it never happens again

Market Economy

Economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on supply and demand; the invention of the train and canals lead to a much larger market economy

Fulton's Clermont

Steamboat built in 1807; navigated the Hudson River from NYC to Albany; first steamboat to be commercially successful in American waters

The Erie Canal

Completed in 1825 (across upstate NY); was state-funded; caused farmers from New England migrate to NY; NYC was a primary port because of it

New business model for factories and finance

People are paid based on the amount of hours worked, not the amount of goods they produce (regulated by the clock)

New technologies in transportation

Canals, steamboats, roadways, railroads

New technologies in communication

Telegraph

Modern banking and investment

States began chartering banks to pump money into the economy

New way to view work

Shift to industrialism; making good to sell for money, not to consume/survive

Price vs. wage

Price was what one set for the product created while wage is the pay one gets based on the hours worked

National Road

Project funded by Congress; went from Maryland to Old Northwest; made travel and transportation of goods easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition

Telegraph

Device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire; created by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1830s; first operated in 1844 (morse code); let merchants know when to expect shipments and how much to sell them for

Lowell Mills

Factory town created in 1836; Yankee women worked there at first but were replaced by Irish immigrants

Western migration

Millions of Americans migrated west with family/others after the War of 1812 for land (Yeomen farmers migrated North; Southerners migrated further Southwest; New Englanders got land in upstate NY and Pennsylvania)

Squatters

Frontier farmers who created farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the reaper for harvesting grain

Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans

Jan. 1815
British defeated by US troops led by Andrew Jackson (was a war hero, lawyer, from Tennessee, loves violence and duels, no morals, and hated Native Americans); war already technically ended because of Treaty of Ghent

Treaty of Ghent

Dec. 1814

Ended War of 1812; negotiated by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay; "Status Quo Antebellum" (no one won or lost and everything went back to normal so Britain continued to impress American sailors)

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

American System

Economic program by Henry Clay; Second National Bank (1816), Tariff of 1816, and National improvements bill (vetoed by Madison)

Panic of 1819

Economic slump; Overspeculation (banks were giving people loans to people moving to the West that couldn't pay them back)

Missouri Compromise

1820

An agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter as a slave-state as Maine would be a free-state; slavery would be prohibited outside of Missouri 36/30 line of latitude

Tallmadge Amendment

Said no more enslaved people could be brought into Missouri and all the children of enslaved people will be free (Northern states agreed with it because it would be a slave state temporarily while Southern states firmly opposed it because they didn't want any emancipation)

Monroe Doctrine

US will stay out of European affairs; no more European interference in Western Hemisphere; any attempts will be seen as an act of aggression

Corrupt Bargain

Agricultural technologies

The Steel plow (John Deere) and the Mechanical reaper (Cyrus McCormick) made farming easier and more efficient

Reasons for growth of cities

Rise of industrialization, factories, and interregional trade created many jobs in the cities; decreased need for farmers due to the increase in agricultural technologies

Free labor ideology

An idea that people could move up the economic ladder in the North; people could have the potential to work their way up from factory jobs to factory owners; made northerners feel superior to the hard labor/slave economy in the south

Self-made man

Idea that one can achieve success in America through intelligence and hard work, not heredity

New middle class

Clerks, accountants, and other office employees

Changes in women's domestic tasks

Middle class women stayed at home while servants did the housework

Legal status of women

Married women couldn't sign independence contracts or sue in their name; their husbands controlled the wages they earned

"The Frugal Housewife"

Written by Lydia Maria Child; about preparing women for the market revolution

Family wage

Idea that men earn a wage sufficient to support their families without their wives having to work outside the home

Rise in immigration

Millions of people immigrated to America (1840-1860); most were Irish (discriminated against) and German; they lived in New England and the West

Cult of Domesticity

"Virtue" and "modesty" were qualities important to proper womanhood (Women needed to depend on men); the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children, and a peaceful refuge for her husband

Rise of African Americans in market economy

African Americans created their own institutional life focused on education

"Peculilar Institution"

white Southerners used this saying to talk about slavery

Rise of cotton

Invention of the cotton gin skyrocketed cotton production

2nd middle passage

Slaves were traded within the US from older states to the Lower South (because Congress banned slave imports); slaves were moved along with farmers to the West so their communities broke apart

upper south v. lower south

Upper South economy was more diversified than the Lower South which only depended on cotton

plain folk in south

Small white farmers lived in hilly areas unsuitable for cotton production; were self-sufficient and used family labor (didn't own many slaves); some disliked the power and privileges of great planters

planter class and values

there were only a few of them compared to the population; had many slaves, wealth, status, and influence and small slaveholders wanted to be like them

pro slavery argument

Claimed that slavery was a "positive good" rather than a "necessary evil" due to biblical reasons, a commitment to white supremacy, slaves' incapability of freedom, and a rich history with slavery

free blacks

ex-slaves were either freed by their owners or escaped; considered free, but were still held under many restrictions and racial laws and found limited work; developed their own communities, cultures, found work, and developed economically

slave, religion and freedom

slaves were involved in the Second Great Awakening, blended Christianity with African traditions, and were inspired by the story of Exodus

Abolitionism

movement that slavery should be abolished and it was immoral because it violated the principles the US

Quakers and slavery

believed in equality, were abolitionists, and had networks for slaves to escape (but they were sparce)

American Colonization Society

1817
created to get rid of free blacks in the US

Liberia

Colony created by the U.S. for freed slaves in West Africa

David Walker

free black who moved from NC to Boston); was an agent for Freedom's Journal; published a radical pamphlet in 1829 that rejected colonization

"Necessary Evil" vs. "Positive Good"

Necessary evil is the idea that slavery is bad but we can't get rid of it (apologists had this view) while positive goods is that the idea that slavery is good for both white people and the slaves (used to persuade the North and resolve any doubts that slavery was bad at all)

Garrison and The Liberator

An abolitionist who wrote an abolitionist newspaper

Frederick Douglas

had a white father and black slave mother; bought his freedom in 1838, famous speaker, wrote an autobiography, wrote for William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator, created his own abolitionist paper called The North Star, encouraged president Lincoln to create the 54th regiment of Massachusetts (first all black troops fighting civil war)

Gag Rule

1837-1839
said nothing about slavery and abolitionism could be discussed in Congress (was made stricter in 1840 but was repealed in 1844)

Liberty Party

Abolitionist political party that nominated James G. Birney for president in 1840 and 1844

Relationship between market economy and slavery

As the demand for cotton rose, so did the demand for slave labor

Forms of slave resistance

damaged tools, poisoned slave owners' food, escaped, and rebelled

Harriet Tubman

helped thousands of slaves escape from the South; created the Underground Railroad (network of safe houses and places for enslaved people) that spread to the North by 1830

Gabriel's Rebellion

1800
Unsuccessful revolt that occurred in Richmond, VA; Gabriel was executed

Vessy's Rebellion

1822
Denmark Vessy lived in Charleston, SC and purchased his freedom; planned a slave revolt and got executed before it took place

Turner's Rebellion

1831 in South Hampton, VA
Nat Turner was a very religious preacher who saw lunar eclipse thinking it was a sign from God to organize a rebellion; ~60 white people were killed but vigilante white people killed more blacks; Turner hid but was eventually executed; was somewhat successful because white people were killed

Slave preservation of humanity

kept families together and had religion (Christianity)

slave codes

laws that tightly controlled the movement of enslaved people

Role of property and voting

there's weren't property requirements to vote in the election of 1828 so the amount of white men who could vote broadened (multiplied by 7)

Democracy from De Tocqueville

Alexis de Tocqueville recognized democracy as a political transformation and an essential attribute of American freedom that encouraged individual initiative, belief in equality, and an active public sphere; the rise of democracy represented a departure from previous political thought

information revolution

the expansion of the public sphere caused by the market revolution and political democracy; reduction in the cost of printing led to an increase in newspaper circulation and the rise of alternative newspapers

importance of print media

rose public literacy which allowed for the rise of women writers and their participation in religious and reform movements

limits of democracy

women and non-white men were excluded from political participation; based on the belief in fixed character and abilities of non-whites and women
The political world of the 19th century was defined in contrast to the feminine sphere of the home

disenfranchising free blacks

The identification of democracy with whiteness marked a departure and racist imagery became prevalent; the boundaries of the political nation were increasingly associated with race; race replaced class as the boundary between those entitled to political freedom and those who were not

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina senator (powerful); gave a speech talking about home great slavery it was ("indispensable for white people and black people" and "positive good")

Maysville Road

1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

South Carolina Exposition

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff.

Daniel Webster

Massachusetts senator who defended the federal government's right to pass tariffs; part of the Whig party; didn't like Jackson's states' rights preference

Jackson's position on land

Jackson believed that federal funds should not be used on land improvements and that it should be up to the state, so he vetoed Maysville road.

Clay and Webster's position

Clay and Webster wanted improvements for land and national infrastructure, like Maysville road.

Jackson's state bank plan

Jackson took specie out of national bank and redistributed it to state banks; vetoed charter for second national bank renewal; led to panic of 1837

Order of Nullification

1832
South Carolina legislature declared that states didn't have to pay tariffs enacted by the federal government