CD 444: EXAM 2

What kind of evaluation technology is recommended for infants?

ABR

When should babies be re-evaluated if they fail their newborn hearing screening?

1 month

When should hearing loss be confirmed?

3 months

When should intervention for babies with hearing loss begin?

6 months

How many babies that fail their newborn screening receive a follow-up?

75%

What are some high risks for hearing loss?

• Prenatal complications and infections

• Low birth weight

• NICU stay

• Genetic disorder

• Craniofacial abnormalities

• Meningitis and other infections

True or False: hearing loss can be genetic

True

How much of hearing loss is genetic?

80%

Nom-syndromic

Hearing loss that occurs in isolation

Syndromic

Hearing loss that occurs in conjunction with other atypical symptoms

Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP)

A family-centered approach that involves parents in an active role

What does a typical IFSP look like?

• Summarize child’s present condition

• Identify family resources

• Specify major outcome expectations

• Describe early intervention programs and services

• Specify dates for initiation of services

Early Intervention Programs can be ___

Center or home-based

Coaching Model of Intervention

The parent implements while a professional supervises

Direct Therapy Model of Intervention

The professional interacts whole the parent observes

Incidental Learning

Learning through exposure and experience

Social Routines

Events that occur in natural environments as part of a normal routine

Sound Awareness

Knowing that sound exists

Sound Discrimination

Nein gab,e to identify one sound from other

Sound Identification

Being able to recognize what a sound is (ex: voices)

Sound Comprehension

Being able to understand what a sound means

Auditory Development (birth-1 month)

Reflexive response

Reflexive responses and comfort sounds

Auditory Development (2-4 months)

• Rudimentary searching begins

• Cooing vowel-like sounds

Auditory Development (4-7 months)

• Head turning

• Response to environmental sounds and voices

• Smiling in response to sound

• Cooing becomes babbling

Auditory Development (8-12 months)

• Active searching for auditory stimulation

• Recognition of familiar sounds

• Understanding early function words

• Will use voice to get attention

• Development of first words

Localization

Child finds the location of the sound

Discrimination

Child identifies sounds and words that are acoustically similar and different

Auditory feedback and monitoring

Child listens to auditory information, repeats it, and modifies if necessary to match the model

Auditory memory

Child stores and recalls auditory simulation

Auditory memory span and sequencing

Child remembers varying lengths of auditory information in exact order

Auditory processing

Child makes cognitive judgments about auditory understanding

Auditory understanding

Child comprehends auditory information in any situation

Intelligibility

How well a person with normal hearing can understand speech

Feedforward

Matching vocalization to the model

Feedback

When babies receive a response to vocalizations

Supra-segmentals

Prosodic elements of speech

What are some supra-segmental aspects of speech?

• Pitch

• Loudness

• Pause

• Duration

• Tension

• Intonation

Why are supra-segmentals important?

Contributes to intelligence of speech and carries meaning

Vowel errors in people with hearing loss

• Vowels neutralized because they all sound the same

• Nasalization/substitution of vowels

• Omission of one component of dipthong

Consonant errors in people with hearing loss

• Distortion/imprecise production

• Omission of voiceless and high-frequency consonants

• Substitution

• Confusion of voiced and voiceless

• Substitution of back consonants

Co-articulation errors

Difficulty transitioning from one sound/word to another

What are some goals of a speech development program?

• Increasing vocalizations that have appropriate timing characteristics

• Expand phonetic and phonemic repertoires

• Establish link between auditory and speech production

• Improve suprasegmental aspects of speech

• Increase speech intelligibility

Semantics

Meaning of words and language

Syntax

How words are arranged in a sentence

Phonological awareness

Knowledge of sounds and syllables and sound structure in words

Morphology

Smallest meaningful unit of language

Pragmatics

Function and purpose of communication and context

Hearing Aid

A device that amplifies frequencies where hearing loss occurs

What are the parts of a hearing aid?

• Microphone

• Amplifier

• Receiver

What kind of microphones are available for hearing aids?

• Directional

• Omnidirectional

• Automatic directional (ADM)

Frequency Response

The frequency region amplified by a hearing aid

Gain

The amount by which a signal is amplified (output-input)

Behind-the-ear with earmold

A hearing aid for mild-profound hearing loss that is recommended for infants and young children

Monaural

One hearing aid; generally not considered best practice

Binaural

Two hearing aids; most commonly prescribed

Cochlear Implant

A surgical option that stimulates the auditory nerve

How long does it take for a cochlear implant to activate post-surgery?

2-4 weeks

Parts of a cochlear implant

• Internal (magnetic disk receiver)

• External (transmitter attached to temporal bone)

• External (speech processor)

How does a cochlear implant work?

Microphone → Processor → Transmitter → Receiver → Electrode → Brain

Who benefits from cochlear implants?

Individuals who do not benefit from conventional hearing aids and can make the necessary commitment for rehabilitation

When should cochlear implants be implemented?

18 months

What extenuating circumstances can cause earlier cochlear implant insertion?

Meningitis

Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHA)

A hearing assistance device that delivers signals via bone conduction

Why would someone use a BAHA?

• Malformation of the outer hear and/or ear canal

• Unilateral hearing loss

• Chronic middle ear disease often with drainage

True or false: BAHAs are a very popular option for those with hearing loss

False