Test review unit 4 topics 1-4

How do plants in direct contact with eachother diffuse signals

How do plants in direct contact with eachother diffuse signals

Plasmodesmata

Direct contact

communication through cell junctions signaling substances and other materials dissolved in the cytoplasm can pass freely between adjacent cells

Paracrine Signaling

Local regulations: in paracrine signaling secretory cells release local regulators via Exocytosis to an adjacent cell

Synaptic signaling

In animal nervous systems, neurons secrete neurotransmitters, diffusing across the synaptic cleft (space between the nerve cell and target cell)

Insulin

An example of long distance

Animal and plants use ____ for long distance signaling

Hormones

Plant Long Distance

release hormones that travel in the plant vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) or through the air to reach target tissues

Animal Long Distance

Endocrine signaling; specialized cells release for one’s into the circulatory system where they reach target cells

Plasma membrane receptors

Binds to ligands that are polar, large, water soluble ex, G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), ligand-gated ion channels

Intracellular Receptors

Binds to ligands that can pass through the plasma membrane, hydrophobic ex, steroid and thyroid hormones, gases

During Transduction ___ amplifies the signal

Second messengers

Second messengers

Small, non proteins, molecules and ions help relay the message and amplify the response ex, Cyclic AMP

How do neurons communicate

Neurons communicate with one another by sending Nuerotransmitters

How G Protein Coupled Receptors function

It binds to a G protein that can bind to GTP, LIGAND BINDING TO GPCR ON THE EXTRACELLULAR SIDE HAS TO HAPPEN

Ligand binding

Causes cytoplasmic side to change shape and allows for the G protein to bind to GPCR and thus activates them

Ligand gated ion channels

Receptors that act as a gate for ions

__________________by the enzyme ________________  ___________________will shut off pathways.

Dephosphorylation by the enzyme protein phosphatate will shut off pathways.

Plants vs animals in LONG DISTANCE

BOTH USE HORMONES

Plants release hormones in plants vascular tissue or air to travel to target cell

Animals use endocrine signaling (circulatory system)