Microbiology Final Exam

5.0(1)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/118

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

119 Terms

1
New cards

What barriers exist to using vaccination to eradicate disease?

Religious beliefs, Allergies/medical reasons, No access to healthcare/vaccinations, Financial reasons

2
New cards

What are ELISA tests?

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

3
New cards

What are the pros of ELISA tests?

Can identify a wide variety of pathogens, work very quickly, very accurate

4
New cards

What do ELISA tests rely on?

Antibody-antigen interactions, Reporter enzyme attached to a monoclonal detecting antibody (recognizes just one type of antigen)

5
New cards

What are the 3 forms of ELISA tests?

Direct, Indirect, Sandwich

6
New cards

What is an attenuated vaccine?

A vaccine with altered pathogens that do not cause disease but can still be infectious

7
New cards

What are the pros of live attenuated vaccines?

Long-lived memory because it is the actual pathogen

8
New cards

What are the cons of live attenuated vaccines?

Can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts, there is the possibility that the pathogen can mutate back to it’s infectious form

9
New cards

What is a vector vaccine?

A vaccine that requires a carrier pathogen to deliver genetic information from the pathogen

10
New cards

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A vaccine with whole inactivated or partially inactivated pathogens

11
New cards

What are the pros of inactivated vaccines?

Stable at room temperature, safe for immunocompromised people

12
New cards

What are the cons of inactivated vaccines?

Boosters are needed to achieve full immunity and many people choose not to/forget to get the booster

13
New cards

What is a whole-agent vaccine?

A vaccine with the entire dead agent, inactivated virus. It contains the same agent that you would encounter in nature in it’s full form, but will not cause disease

14
New cards

How are whole-agent vaccines deactivated?

By chemicals, heat, radiation

15
New cards

What is a subunit vaccine?

A vaccine with a portion of the pathogen

16
New cards

What is a drawback of subunit vaccines?

It requires an adjuvant (Some sort of pharmaceutical additive that will enhance our bodies natural response to the pathogen. It is attached to the antigen and increase the response of our body).

17
New cards

What are the 3 categories of subunit vaccines?

Purified subunit, toxoid, conjugate

18
New cards

What is a purified subunit vaccine?

The vaccine contains purified natural parts of the actual pathogen or engineered parts of the pathogen

19
New cards

What is a toxoid subunit vaccine?

The vaccine contains an inactivated protein toxin

20
New cards

What is a conjugate subunit vaccine?

The vaccine adds or links a protein antigen to the polysaccharide antigen to make a better immune response

21
New cards

Do vaccines provide immediate protection?

No, our bodies need to mount an immune response first

22
New cards

How does an agglutination test work?

Antibodies clump together with the antigens

23
New cards

Why are agglutination tests useful?

Can visibly look for this clumping (change in color, light reaction). We can see this clumping if a patient has been exposed to an antigen and created antibodies (some tests are looking for the antigen, some look for the antibodies)

24
New cards

What are agglutination tests used for?

Blood typing, infection identification, diagnosis of noninfectious immune disorders

25
New cards

What is herd immunity?

85% or more are vaccinated

26
New cards

How could herd immunity breakdown in a community?

Antigenic shift/drift, horizontal gene transfer

27
New cards

Why did Alexander Fleming suspect he could get an antimicrobial from a species of mold?

The mold prevented the normal growth of the streptomycin

28
New cards

What are Fluroquinolone drugs?

Synthetic antimicrobials that contain a fluorine atom

29
New cards

What do Fluroquinolone drugs target?

DNA replication enzymes

30
New cards

What are the general characteristics of Fluroquinolone drugs?

Administered orally, active against many pathogens, penetrate well into tissues.

31
New cards

What are the standard side effects of Fluroquinolone drugs?

GI upset, headaches, dizziness, insomnia

32
New cards

What are Glycopeptide drugs?

Drugs that were originally naturally occurring products made by strep species

33
New cards

What are the general characteristics of Glycopeptide drugs?

No beta-lactam ring, administered orally (to treat intestinal infections) or by IV (to treat systemic infections)

34
New cards

What are the general characteristics of Rifamycin drugs?

Broad spectrum drug prescribed to treat mycobacterium

35
New cards

What is special about the prescription of Rifamycin drugs?

Prescribed in combination with another drug, but can make other drugs ineffective (oral contraceptives, HIV meds, heart condition/blood pressure/blood thinner meds)

36
New cards

What are the side effects of Rifamycin drugs?

GI upset, heartburn, fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, headaches

37
New cards

What is the half-life of a drug?

The time it takes for half of the dose to be eliminated/deactivated by the body

38
New cards

How does half-life relate to dosing?

It determines how frequently we administer the drug (ex: if a drug has a short half life, you would need to take it more frequently)

39
New cards

What actions can be taken by healthcare providers to reduce acceleration of drug resistant pathogens?

40
New cards

What is the therapeutic index?

The ratio of the maximum safe dose to the minimum effective dose

41
New cards

What is a narrow therapeutic index?

Drugs have a dosage that is close to the toxic dose. They must be carefully dosed and monitored for toxicity effects

42
New cards

What is a high therapeutic index?

Drugs have a dosage that is well below the possibility of being toxic, but are still effective

43
New cards

How do sulfa drugs work?

Target a bacteria-produced enzyme that targets folic acid (something we don’t produce)

44
New cards

What are sulfa drugs?

Bacteriostatic, broad spectrum drugs that don’t effect human cells

45
New cards

What is the purpose of the Kirby-Bauer test?

To determine the sensitivity or resistance of bacteria to various antimicrobial compounds

46
New cards

What are broad spectrum drugs?

Drugs that work against a wide variety of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

47
New cards

When are broad spectrum drugs most likely to be prescribed?

48
New cards

What are the pros of bacteriostatic drugs?

They prevent bacteria from growing

49
New cards

What are the cons of bacteriostatic drugs?

They target protein synthesis and metabolic pathways

50
New cards

What are the pros of bactericidal drugs?

They kill bacteria

51
New cards

What are the cons of bactericidal drugs?

They target cell walls, cell membranes, and nucleic acids, and kill our normal microbiota also which can lead to a deadly spike in bacterial toxins

52
New cards

What are bacteriostatic drugs?

Drugs that prevent bacteria from growing

53
New cards

What are bactericidal drugs?

Drugs that completely kill bacteria

54
New cards

What are Beta-lactam drugs?

Drugs that have a beta-lactam ring that target antimicrobial-resistance enzymes called beta-lactamases

55
New cards

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that target viruses and eukaryotic pathogens?

Viruses and eukaryotic pathogens are not actively replicating, making it hard for the drugs to eliminate the pathogens

56
New cards

What is an E-test?

A procedure that involves spreading test bacterium on the surface of agar plates to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (the lowest concentration that inhibits the microbe’s growth)

57
New cards

What does an E-test tell us?

The minimum inhibitory concentration: the lowest concentration that inhibits the microbe’s growth

58
New cards

What are the pros of drugs that target ribosomes?

They prevent microbe protein synthesis

59
New cards

What is the causative agent of Covid-19?

SARS-CoV-2

60
New cards

What are the signs and symptoms of typical pneumonia?

High fever, sudden onset of severe chills, shortness of breath, productive cough, chest pain

61
New cards

What are the signs and symptoms of atypical pneumonia?

Low fever, little to no chills, shortness of breath, nonproductive cough, runny nose, muscle aches, joint aches, subtle onset

62
New cards

What are the characteristics of S. pneumoniae?

Humans are the only source

63
New cards

What are the characteristics of H. influenzae?

Leading cause of community acquired pneumonia in adults (outside of the hospital setting)

64
New cards

What are the characteristics of M. pneumoniae?

Commonly referred to as “walking” pneumonia, symptom onset is slow

65
New cards

What are the characteristics of C. pneumoniae?

Severity varies - usually starts with a sore throat then cough for up to 6 weeks. 50% of people are infected by 20 years old

66
New cards

What are the most common causes of typical and atypical pneumonia?

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae

67
New cards

What are the different types of HPIV?

HPIV1, HPIV2, HPIV3, HPIV4

68
New cards

What are the characteristics of HPIV1 and HPIV2?

Most common cause of croup in young children

69
New cards

What are the characteristics of HPIV2?

70
New cards

What are the characteristics of HPIV3?

Can cause bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia

71
New cards

What are the characteristics of HPIV4?

Least serious, causes mild cold-like symptoms

72
New cards

What is the most common respiratory illness caused by each type of HPIV?

73
New cards

What are the signs of croup?

Barking cough

74
New cards

What is the role of mucous in the upper respiratory tract?

Sweep microbes towards the mouth to prevent entry to the lungs

75
New cards

Why is otitis media more common in children?

Inefficient drainage occurs, immune system is not fully developed

76
New cards

Why is pertussis (whooping cough) reemerging?

The DTAP vaccine does not provide lifelong immunity and boosters are now needed

77
New cards

What is RSV?

A RNA virus that presents as cold-like symptoms but can be dangerous to young children and elderly

78
New cards

What is sinusitis?

Inflammation and swelling of sinus membranes

79
New cards

What is the most common cause of sinusitis?

Viruses and allergens

80
New cards

What are the signs and symptoms of strep throat?

Inflammation in throat, swollen cervical lymph nodes, low grade fever, puss in throat, no cough

81
New cards

What is the causative agent of strep throat?

Group A streptococcus (GAS) S. pyogenes

82
New cards

What treatment is used for strep throat?

Penicillin based drugs

83
New cards

What are the general characteristics of influenza viruses?

Signs and symptoms are similar to a common cold, but accompanied with a prolonged high fever. Can be deadly to people with preexisting conditions and lead to complications like pneumonia

84
New cards

What is the flu vaccine?

An inactivated vaccine that contains candidate viruses grown in cell culture (chicken eggs)

85
New cards

How do symptoms of the flu compare to the common cold?

Symptoms are the same, but a high fever is also occurring

86
New cards

What is a viral variant?

87
New cards

What is a viral strain?

88
New cards

What are the symptoms of Listeria meningitis?

Minor flulike symptoms, some gastrointestinal issues

89
New cards

What are the characteristics Listeria meningitis?

Transmitted from food (cheese, deli meats, some fruits). Affects elderly, immunocompromised, babies, and pregnant women

90
New cards

What is the most common arbovirus in the United States?

West Nile virus

91
New cards

What are the characteristics of C. botulinum?

Transmitted in soils and honey. Cannot tolerate a high pH and needs low oxygen to grow. Forms endospores and can tolerate high heat. Commonly found in canned vegetables

92
New cards

What factors of C. botulinum contribute to its virulence?

Toxins block neurotransmitters that allow the muscles to contract

93
New cards

What are the characteristics of Neisseria meningitis?

Oxygen loving, had a glcocalyx capsule tightly wrapped around the cell wall to help adhere to hosts and form biofilms

94
New cards

What is meningitis?

Inflammation in the meninges

95
New cards

What are the meninges?

Layers of tissue surrounding the brain that supply nutrients, remove waste, and protect

96
New cards

What is the causative agent of pneumococcal meningitis?

NIH

97
New cards

How is polio transmitted?

Fecal-oral route

98
New cards

What are the signs and symptoms of Polio?

Flulike symptoms. Paralysis in more severe cases

99
New cards

What are the characteristics of rabies?

Kills about 50,000 people worldwide mostly in undeveloped areas

100
New cards

How is rabies transmitted?

Classic zoonosis (animal bite)