AP BIO COMPLETE SET

**some terms may be repeated**

What is water composed of?

2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

What type of bond is between hydrogen and oxygen (in water)?

polar covalent bond

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

hydrogen bond

covalent bonds

when 2 or more atoms share electrons

hydrogen bonds

when a partially positive hydrogen atom forms an electrostatic attraction to a negative atom in another molecule; weaker bond

ionic bonds

attraction between oppositely charged atoms

Which end of water is negative? positive?

oxygen is negative, hydrogen is positive

polar molecule

when the atoms share electrons unequally - leads to partially negative and positive ends

nonpolar molecule

electrons shared equally

What are the 6 properties of water?

surface tension, capillary action, high specific heat, evaporative cooling, density, “universal” solvent

cohesion

hydrogen bond between the same molecules

surface tension

when water tends to form more hydrogen bonds (cohesion) toward the surface, allowing denser objects to rest on top of it

adhesion

hydrogen bond between different molecules

capillary action

combination of adhesion and cohesion allows water to flow in narrow spaces without any outside force

example of capillary action

water transport in plants through the xylem

high specific heat

water’s ability to withstand dramatic changes in temperature; important for homeostasis

evaporative cooling

when water evaporates, it creates a cooling effect

density

when water turns into ice, its hydrogen bonds between molecules become rigid and arrange themselves into a crystal lattice, making it less dense than water

Why is the property of ice and its density important?

allows for life in bodies of water in the winter

universal solvent

water can dissolve a lot of substances

hydrophilic

molecules that dissolve in water (ionic/polar)

hydrophobic

molecules that don’t dissolve in water (nonionic/nonpolar)

What happens when water reacts with soap?

surface tension goes down

What happens when water reacts with salt?

surface tension goes up

What happens when water reacts with sugar?

surface tension goes down

standard deviation

how spread out the data is from the mean

normal distribution

68% data within 1 SD, 95% within 2 SD, 99% within 3 SD

standard deviation formula

standard error of the mean

used to determine the precision/accuracy of the mean

SEM formula

error bars

±2 SEMS

How do we get smaller error bars?

large sample size, small variation

How do we get larger error bars?

small sample size, large variation

What does it mean if error bars overlap?

not significant, fail to reject the null hypothesis

What does it mean if error bars don’t overlap

probably significant; reject the null hypothesis

null hypothesis

predicts no relationship between variables

alternate hypothesis

predicts relationship between variables

independent variable

factor being changed

dependent variable

factor being affected by independent variable

constant variable

factor kept consistent for all groups

experimental group

group exposed to the independent variable to test it

control group

group not exposed to the independent variable

positive control

expected to produce a result

negative control

expected to produce no result

what are the components you need to include when graphing?

title, labels for axes (including units), scale, key (if necessary)

What does pH stand for?

power of hydrogen

What is a neutral pH?

7

What is a strong acid?

0-3

What is a weak acid?

4-6

What is a weak alkaline/base?

8-10

What is a strong alkaline/base?

11-14

What scale is the pH scale based on?

a logarithmic scale

buffer

substance that minimizes pH change

What’s an example of a buffer in our bodies?

carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

hydrogen bond

structure of water

in addition to picture, polar covalent bond in between hydrogen and oxygen

What are the 6 properties of water?

surface tension, capillary action, high specific heat, evaporative cooling, density, “universal” solvent

cohesion

hydrogen bond between the same molecules

surface tension

when water tends to form more hydrogen bonds (cohesion) toward the surface, allowing denser objects to rest on top of it

adhesion

hydrogen bond between different molecules

capillary action

combination of adhesion and cohesion allows water to flow in narrow spaces without any outside force

high specific heat

water’s ability to withstand dramatic changes in temperature; important for homeostasis

evaporative cooling

when water evaporates, it creates a cooling effect

density

when water turns into ice, its hydrogen bonds between molecules become rigid and arrange themselves into a crystal lattice, making it less dense than water

universal solvent

water can dissolve a lot of substances

organic

contains carbon

inorganic

has no carbon

macromolecule

large complex molecules that are essential for life

monomer

small units

polymer

made up of repeating monomers connected by covalent bonds

dehydration synthesis

in a catabolic reaction, water is released to create covalent bonds

hydrolysis

in an anabolic reaction, water is used to break down covalent bonds

hydroxl group

carbonyl group

carboxyl group

amino group

sulfhydryl group

phosphate group

methyl group

only functional group that is non-polar

carbohydrate elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)

function of a carbohydrate

provides energy, energy storage, structure

structure of a carbohydrate

linear, ring, or branched forms

monosaccharide

simple carb, monomer of a carbohydrate

what type of bond connects monosaccharides?

glycosidic bond

examples of a monosaccharide

glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharide

simple carb, two connected monosaccharides

examples of a dissacharide

sucrose (G + F), lactose (G + L), maltose (G + G)

polysaccharide

complex carb, 3+ connected monosaccharides

energy polysaccharides

starch (stored form of glucose in plants), glycogen (stored form of glucose in animals)

structural polysaccharides

cellulose (cell wall in plants), chitin (cell wall in fungi and exoskeletons in arthropods), peptidoglycan (cell wall in bacteria)

isomer

molecules with the same atoms but different arrangment of those atoms

What’s the atomic ratio of carbohydrates?

1:2:1 (C:H:O)

elements in lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sometimes phosphate (CHOP)

monomer of a lipid

fatty acids + glycerol

Lipids are not ______. Why?

true polymers; monomer is made up of two smaller components

what type of bond connects glycerol to a fatty acid?

ester

function of a triglyceride

longterm energy storage

structure of a triglyceride

1 glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids

saturated fat

all single bonds between carbons; solid at room temp; unhealthy fat

unsaturated fat

1 or more double bonds; liquid at room temp; healthy fat