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Allele frequencies
The proportion of different alleles of a gene in a population.
Artificial intelligence
The simulation of human intelligence in machines.
Assortative mating
A mating pattern where individuals with similar phenotypes mate more frequently than by chance.
Bottleneck effect
A sharp reduction in population size due to environmental events or human activities, affecting genetic diversity.
Disassortative mating
A mating pattern where individuals with different phenotypes mate more frequently than by chance.
Directional selection
A type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the other.
Disruptive selection
A type of natural selection that favors individuals at both extremes of a trait over intermediates.
Epistasis
An interaction where one gene's expression is affected by one or more other genes.
Evolution
The change in heritable traits in a population over generations.
Evolutionary fitness
The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce relative to others in a population.
Founder effect
Genetic differences arising when a new population is established by a small group of individuals.
Frequency-dependent selection
A selection process where the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency in the population.
Gene flow
The transfer of genetic material between populations.
Genetic drift
Random changes in allele frequencies in a population over time.
Genetic variation
The diversity of gene variants within a population.
Handicap hypothesis
A theory suggesting that certain traits signal an individual's fitness despite being costly to maintain.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
The state where a population's allele frequencies remain constant over time in the absence of evolutionary forces.
Hardy-Weinberg principle
A model describing the genetic makeup of a population that is not evolving.
Heterozygote advantage
A situation where heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous ones.
Intersexual selection
A form of sexual selection where individuals of one sex choose mates based on specific traits.
Intrasexual selection
A form of sexual selection involving competition within the same sex for mates.
Mutation
A change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
Natural selection
The process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in a population.
Negative frequency-dependent selection
A selection process where rare phenotypes have higher fitness than common ones.
Non-random mating
Mating that is influenced by phenotype or genotype rather than occurring randomly.
Oscillating selection
Selection that alternates in favoring different traits over time.
Parental investment
The resources and care a parent provides to increase offspring survival.
Pleiotropy
A single gene influencing multiple phenotypic traits.
Population genetics
The study of genetic variation within and between populations.
Positive frequency-dependent selection
A selection process where common phenotypes have higher fitness than rare ones.
Relative concept
The idea that fitness is measured relative to others in the population.
Reproductive strategies
The behaviors and physiological mechanisms organisms use to maximize reproductive success.
Secondary sexual characteristics
Traits that distinguish the sexes but are not directly involved in reproduction.
Selection
The process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population due to differential reproductive success.
Sensory exploitation
The hypothesis that certain traits evolve to exploit pre-existing sensory biases in mates.
Sexual dimorphism
Physical differences between males and females of a species.
Sexual selection
A form of natural selection arising through preference for certain traits in mating.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs)
Variations at a single nucleotide position in the DNA sequence among individuals.
Sperm competition
Competition between sperm from different males to fertilize an egg.
Stabilizing selection
A type of natural selection that favors intermediate traits, reducing variation.
Survival
The ability of an organism to continue living and reproducing.
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