hviii f.p

H's coronation and marriage to CoA

1509

start of FRN war
how many troops did H send?

1511
100,000 troops sent to SW FRN

Battle of the Spurs in \---
led a force into \-----
was it successful?
where did he capture?
FRN

1513
force into NE FRN
successful in winning BoSpurs
but exaggerated in propaganda
captures Therouanne + Tournai

Battle of Flodden \---- \----
James IV crossed border but \----- by ENG army.
James + \----- killed, leaving throne to \-----.
BUT, war was expensive → \---- assets inherited from father.
concerns over \---- tax → almost led to \----
the renegotiated \--- was lost
Tournai was \---- to FRN for less than expense of \-----.

Sept 1513
James IV defeated by ENG army
J + much of nobility killed, leaving throne to infant James V
liquidate assets
Yorkist tax almost led to full-scale revolt
the FRN pension agreed at Etaples lost
Tournai sold back to FRN for less
(failure for H)

Anglo-FRN peace treaty

1514
recovered the FRN pension
marriage alliance b/n Princess Mary + King Louis XII

Turbulent relations w SPN 1515-1517.
New FRN king...
Death of ....
New SPN king...
alliances

Francis I crowned in FRN 1515 -\> political + personal rival
so, H sought alliance w Ferdinand of Aragon
DIED 1516 --\> Charles I SPN
SPN + FRN alliance -\> Treaty of Cambrai w FRN
ENG isolated

Treaty of London \---
Δ Eng was dangerously \----
Δ Pope \---- - wanted united \---- front against O\--- T\---.
Pope appointed W as \--- \---.
became a 'treaty of -- --' -\> non-aggression pact w Eng, Fr, SPN, HRE
This was a diplomatic coup for W + a Christian front formed so seemed ✅✅ but ultimately useless

1518
diplomatically isolated
Pope Leo X
united front against Ottoman Turks
appointed W as Papal Legate
treaty of perpetual peace - non-aggression

Field of Cloth of Gold
was it successful?
how much cost?

Relations reinforced by most expensive diplomatic encounter in June 1920
V costly £15,000

Relations b/n SPN + FRN
impact on H - who did H chose?
what treaty was made?

August 1521
Francis I and Charles V - conflict
W negotiated Treaty of Bruges w Charles
Δ improve rel w Pope - want to reduce FRN control on ITY
- believed gain more territory in FR
- marriage alliance w princess Mary + Charles

In \--- 1921, conflict b/n Charles + \----
Treaty of \---- agreed w \---.
As result, H invaded - \--- in \--- and in \---.
Both proved v \---- w little gain.
Parliament reluctant to grant \---- \--- necessary to fund

Aug 1521 b/n Chales V + Francis I
T of Bruges w Charles
H invaded N FR in 1522 and 23
costly w little gain
reluctant to grant extraordinary tax to fund

What were H's silly actions at Battle of Pavia? when?
what were impacts of H's actions?
what were the implications domestically?

lack of strategic awareness -\> attempt to benefit from HRE's defeat of Fr + Pavia
1525
H suggest launch attack in N Fr -\> territorial gains but rejected.
Amicable Grant failure too -\> lack of public support
- H's ego bruised // resentment to emperor, esp after he repudiated marriage to Mary //
- W's downfall began following the Grant failure.

What did H do following fracturing of Anglo-Imperial alliance 1526?
(following humiliation at BoPavia 1525)
what was the danger of the damage to relations w emperor at this time?

support of a pro-FRN f.p, w signing of League of Cognac, by Pope
following fear of excessive P of emperor in ITY following Pavia
danger: King's Great Matter -\> chaos in fp + W/s downfall // emperor was v strong

What did H have to do following fracture to Anglo-Imperial relations 1526/7?
(following Pavia + inc Great Matter implications)
What were negative impacts of this anti-Imp f.p? domestic + w Emp

\> Pro-Fr f.p again

\>> Signed League of Cognac 1526 by Pope
- Pope fear of Emp's P - esp after Pavia
\>>Treaty of Amiens 1527 w Fr
- to pressure emp - impose trade embargo on Burgundian lands
- BUT, --\> widespread unemployment + social problems
\> Emp's strength: victory @ BoLandriano 1529 + dominance of Pope
⁛ failure @ marital issues

QS: 'HVIII was responsible for failures of Eng foreign policy in 1514 - 1529'

when was the sack of Rome?
what Fr treaty made as result?

1527 - Pope Clement VII prisoner of Chales V
Treaty of Amiens : Eng + Fr ag/ HRE

when was Battle of Landriano?
Fr vs HRE
who won? what does this exemplify?
+ what was status of W atm?

1529
HRE won - exemplify the strength of Emp
(++ has the Pope -\> no chance for H)
+ fall of Wolsey

When was the defensive alliance w FRN in 30s?
Why? Was this impactful?

1532
defensive alliance to put pressure on emp
little impact/ effect since Eng + Fr both relatively weak atm
BUT, w m alliance of Fr + pope's daughter, rel w Eng + Fr not last long

when did H begin break w Rome?

1533

how impactful was break w rome?

horrified Catholic powers but not much impact of Emp
- more concerned w Ottoman Turks threat ag Christian Eu
1533

How H was impacted by the relations b/n Francis + Emperor Charles V?

Eng was relatively minor and weak opposed to Emp, so was dependent on a relation w him or an alliance w Fr for support.
whilst Fr + HRE fighting, H able to reduce potential danger of Eng's isolated position
but if HRE + Fr alliance ag/ Eng -\> H v v weak position
eg at Treaty of Nice

what was the Treaty of Nice?
when? between who?
what was the impact on H?
What were other actions ag Eng at this time? inc Pope Paul III

1538
b/n Francis I and Charles V, following their fighting from 1536.
agreed to each sever connections w Eng
- Eng's position further weakened atm by:
Pope Paul III published a bull (formal) deposing H, so absolving Eng Catholics from need to obey ruler.
Pope encouraged Fr + Scot to support a Catholic crusade ag H 1939

Although C + F alliance out \--- - - \---, H's position more \--- than appeared.
Either lacked \--- + more important \----.
So, ....

why did H marry Anne of Cleves?
did it end up working? was it needed?

1540
the alliance b/n Francis + Charles seemed v dangerous for H + Eng,
believing they were plotting to invade.
So, marriage to Anne + renewal potential of League of Schmalkalden - help Eng.
BUT, became politically redundant when relations w FR + HRE broke down -\> more secure position

what was the impact of the breakdown of relations b/n Ireland, Earl of Kildare, and crown?
when was he dismissed?
what was impact on crown?

Gerald Fitzgerald, EoKildare governed IRE + servant of king.
Dismissal in 1534 -\> major rebellion led by son EoOssory.
Suppressed by v expensive.
Attempt to refashion IRE govt 1534 to be more under Eng control failed -\> IRE drain on Crown's resources.

IRE was a \--- on Eng resources.
O'N\--- and O'D-- invaded the P\--- in \---.
After regaining the land, established IRE as a separate \--- in \---, imposing \--- \---.
In return, Gaelic lords awarded \--- \--- + entitled to same legal \----.
BUT, govt lacked \---- to follow through reforms, no IRE \--- to Eng Crown + relations tensed further w \---- \---.

Drain on resources
O'Neil and O'Donnell invaded the Pale in 1539
establish as a separate kingdom in 1541
awarded peerage titles + same legal protections
govt lacked resources to follow through, no IRE loyalty to Eng Crown
+ relations worsened w religious differences.

Invasion of Scot
was it success?
What battle were Scots defeated?
who died + left on throne?
what did H not do? show lack of strategy?

1542 - immediate military success
Scots forced into military action due to impossible demands.
Defeated at Battle of Solway Moss
newly born Mary on throne after James V died
did not launch a full-scale invasion - would have been easily victorious
instead, focus on invasion in Fr

How did H fail the situation w Scot
inc marriage alliance failure?
what treaty failed? when?

failure of his 'rough wooing' - marriage attempt b/n
young P. Ed w Mary, QoScots
BUT, Scots refused to allow M --\> eng
Treaty of Greenwich 1543: formal betrothal BUT, Scot parliament refuse to ratify treaty.
Angry -\> raid on Edinburg + St And by EoHertford
- neglected opp to secure olicy by military force when highly possible 1542
- failed to recognise warnings of Scot hostility to his intentions
- Hertford -\> Scot no possible strategic objectives + only antagonise scots further

Evidence of H's lack of military strategy in policies w FRN in later years
how did 3rd invasion of FRN fail? but what did they achieve?
what did Charles do w/out H?

1544, despite poor health + ag efforts of councilors, led invasion -\> FRN
Δ military glory, in response to FRN army assembled
Army was trapped in Calais, though did capture Boulogne
meanwhile C changed positions + made peace w F.
Eng in v bad position - though out of control

How was H's position int very damaged and dangerous by 1545?
what battle did they lose?
BUT, how did they regain position?
when was peace achieved?

Francis I troops -\> Scot to reinforce possible invasion from Scot border.
Lost battle of Ancrum Moor, FRN force in Isle of Wight
H's flagship sank in Solent
BUT, FRN fail to recapture Boulogne, invasion of Eng never materialised
Peace agreed in 1546

what was the problem for H w the 3rd invasion of FR, despite the peace established?

V V costly for pursuit of glory
unable to fund war via extraordinary rev - denied by govt
sold much of Crown estate
borrow large sums + debased coinage -\> increase inflation