Educational Psychology: Key Theories, Diversity, and Language Development Cartes | Quizlet

Educational Psychology

The study of development, learning, motivation, teaching, and assessment within and outside of school settings.

21st-Century Challenges

Modern teaching involves adapting to new technologies like remote learning (hybrid or online), navigating ever-changing academic material, and addressing a wide range of student needs.

Teacher Responsibilities

Today's teachers must adapt instruction and assessments for students with diverse languages, home situations, and abilities; make abstract concepts understandable and engaging; use new technologies and techniques effectively; manage the social and emotional needs of their students; handle numerous administrative tasks; be reflective, constantly analyzing their practice to improve student learning; and foster self-sufficient, life-long learners.

Multilingual Class

Students from various cultures, heritages, and native languages in an English-speaking Canadian school.

Suburban Class

Focus on a 'process writing' approach (drafts, peer discussion, revision).

Inclusive Class

Collaborate with special education teachers to develop a repertoire of strategies (e.g., for memorization) to help the student succeed.

Cognitive Development

Foundational theories of cognitive development are detailed, contrasting Piaget's stage-based theory of individual construction with Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective.

Erikson's Eight Stages of Life

Psychosocial development is covered through Erikson's eight stages of life, focusing on the adolescent search for identity.

Marcia's Identity Statuses

Explores the different statuses of identity development as proposed by Marcia.

Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning

A model of moral reasoning that outlines stages of moral development.

Haidt's Moral Reasoning

A model that presents an alternative perspective on moral reasoning compared to Kohlberg.

Exceptional Learners

Understanding and supporting exceptional learners, including students with gifts and talents, learning disabilities, ADHD, emotional disorders, and physical or sensory impairments.

Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

A legal framework that ensures inclusive education for students with special needs.

Opportunity Gaps

Influences on learning outcomes created by factors such as poverty, prejudice, and stereotype threat.

Disabilities

Children with disabilities spend most of their time in general education classrooms. Students recovering from serious illnesses like cancer may return with 'late-effects' from treatment that impact learning.

Technology Use (Ages 0-8)

Over 2 hours/day on screens.

Social and Emotional Learning (SEL)

The process of developing healthy identities, managing emotions, achieving goals, showing empathy, maintaining relationships, and making caring decisions.

Discrimination

Unequal treatment of particular groups.

Brain Plasticity

Experience shapes the brain by altering neurons and their connections.

Adolescent Brain Development

The prefrontal lobe develops more slowly, affecting judgment and decision-making.

Formal Operational Stage

Capable of abstract thought and hypothetico-deductive reasoning. May experience adolescent egocentrism (feeling that everyone is watching them).

Early-Maturing Boys

May gain social advantages but also face risks like delinquency, substance use, and bullying.

Late Adult Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Reflects on life with a sense of fulfillment or regret.

Deaf and Hard of Hearing

Hearing loss can have significant educational consequences. Early intervention is critical.

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

Designing learning environments and materials to be accessible to all learners from the start.

Overregularization

Applying a grammar rule where it doesn't apply (e.g., "the bike was broked").

Dialect

A variety of a language spoken by a particular group; dialects are logical, rule-governed systems, not errors.

Student-Led Conferences

A powerful way to involve families and promote student self-regulation; the student presents their work to their parents, explains their learning, and sets goals.

Language Development

Examines language development from early milestones to the complexities of academic language.

Bilingualism and Multilingualism

Highlights the cognitive benefits of being bilingual or multilingual.

Sheltered Instruction

A research-based strategy to support language learners.

Funds of Knowledge

Fostering family engagement through the concept of 'funds of knowledge' to create an equitable learning environment.

Social-Emotional Needs

Addressing the social and emotional needs of students in the classroom.

Diverse Classrooms

The modern classroom is characterized by significant diversity.

Caring Learning Environment

Creating an equitable, caring, and effective learning environment for all students.

Immigration

23% of the population is foreign-born, with over 450 ethnic origins reported, concentrated in cities like Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Indigenous Population

6.1% of the Canadian population is Indigenous.

Poverty

Nearly 1.3 million children live in poverty. Indigenous children are disproportionately affected (25-40%). Children represent 36% of regular food bank users.

Family Structures

Families are diverse, including two-parent, single-parent, divorced, LGBTQ+, blended, and guardian-led households.

Technology Use (Ages 9-12)

Nearly 5 hours/day on screens.

Technology Use (Teens)

Over 7 hours/day on screens.

Smartphone Ownership

Smartphone ownership by age 18 reached 91%.

Benefits of SEL

SEL is linked to improved academic achievement, better social behaviors, and decreases in behavior problems, emotional distress, and drug use. It also increases graduation rates.

Goal of SEL

Create caring communities where difficult conversations about injustice and inequality can occur.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Potentially traumatic events occurring before age 18.

Examples of ACEs

Global pandemics, economic hardship, climate catastrophes, child abuse, divorce, bullying, community violence, and systemic racism.

Vulnerability in ACEs

Students living in poverty, facing racism, with disabilities, or who are recent immigrants are especially vulnerable.

Importance of Positive Teacher-Student Relationships

For Teachers: Leads to higher levels of accomplishment and less emotional exhaustion and burnout.

Impact on Students of Positive Relationships

Increases engagement, school satisfaction, social-emotional development, and reading achievement. For kindergarteners with behavior problems, a sensitive teacher can prevent later issues.

Cost of Poor Teaching

Research shows a gap of over 50 percentile points in math scores between students taught by highly effective teachers for three consecutive years versus those taught by the least effective.

Framework for Teaching (FFT)

A model organized into four domains to support teacher growth and evaluation.

Domains of FFT

1. Planning and Preparation 2. Classroom Environment 3. Instruction 4. Professional Responsibilities

TeachingWorks Project

Identifies 19 'high-leverage practices' that are fundamental to effective teaching across all contexts.

Examples of High-Leverage Practices

Leading discussions, explaining content, building relationships with students, and providing feedback.

CLASS Model

Identifies three domains of teacher-student interactions.

Domains of CLASS Model

1. Affective: Emotional support. 2. Cognitive: Instructional support. 3. Classroom Organization: Classroom and lesson management.

Intersectionality

Refers to the overlapping social identities (e.g., race, gender, class) that shape each person uniquely.

Social Categories

Human-made constructs like race that exaggerate differences between 'us' and 'them.'

Biased Language

Language that can cause harm, such as calling a child an 'alien' instead of an 'immigrant.'

Stereotyping

Grouping people based on common features, which becomes problematic when oversimplified and based on limited data.

Prejudice

A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire group, which can begin by age 4 or 5.

Stereotype Threat

The fear or apprehension of confirming a negative stereotype about one's own group.

Impact of Stereotype Threat

Can interfere with attention and working memory, leading to anxiety and reduced sense of belonging.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A composite ranking of social measures used to identify sources of social inequality.

Poverty in Canada

In 2019, nearly 1/5 of children lived in poverty, with higher rates for racialized (1/4) and immigrant children (1/3).

Homelessness and Mobility

About 1 in 5 people experiencing homelessness in Canada are youth (ages 13-24).

Opportunity Gap

Differences in achievement due to unequal access to resources, not ability.

Health and Stress

Low-income families often have less access to prenatal and infant care, leading to chronic stress in children.

Peer and School Influences

Students in schools with mostly middle- or high-income peers are 68% more likely to go to college.

Summer Slide

More pronounced for students in poverty who have less access to books and learning opportunities outside of school.

Ethnicity

A group's shared cultural characteristics like history, language, or religion.

Race

A socially constructed category based on shared physical characteristics.

Ethnic-Racial Identity

How people think and feel about their ethnic and racial groups.

Pre-Encounter

Race is minimized or viewed negatively.

Encounter

A racist event triggers recognition of race's importance.

Immersion/Emersion

Deep dive into Black culture and identity.

Internalization

A secure sense of Black identity is formed.

Internalization-Commitment

Identity is tied to long-term dedication to Black culture.

White Racial Identity

Models like Janet Helms' involve recognizing the history and impact of White privilege.

Gender

Traits and behaviors a culture deems appropriate for men and women.

Sex

Biological differences assigned at birth.

Gender Roles

Stereotypical behaviors associated with a binary view of gender.

Sexual Orientation

A construct including identity, attraction, and/or behavior.

Cisgender

Gender identity matches the biological sex assigned at birth.

Transgender

Gender identity differs from the biological sex assigned at birth.

Children recognize gender differences

Children know if they are a boy or girl by age 2.

Same-sex playmates

By age 4, children prefer same-sex playmates, reinforcing gender-role norms.

Sexual minority and transgender youth

Face heightened risks of bullying, harassment, mental health issues, and suicide attempts.

Teacher Support

Teachers can help by addressing harassment, creating inclusive spaces, and respectfully using students' chosen names and pronouns.

Physical Development

Changes in the body.

Personal Development

Changes in identity and personality.

Social Development

Changes in how one relates to others.

Nature vs. Nurture

Development is not one or the other; behaviors are determined 100% by biology and 100% by environment.

People develop at different rates

Development is relatively orderly; certain abilities develop before others.

Development takes place gradually

Development occurs over time.

Cerebellum

Balance, coordinated movement, learning support.

Hippocampus

Recalling new information and forming long-term memories.

Amygdala

Emotions, aggression, and emotional memory.

Frontal Lobe

Planning, decision-making, problem-solving, and creativity.

Sleep Needs of Teens

Teens need about 9 hours of sleep but often face sleep deprivation.