neuropeptides

Neuropeptides are processed in the [blank] and often co-exist with small molecule neurotransmitters

soma

Active peptide is cleaved in the [blank] apparatus and then packaged into secretory granules

Golgi

Release of neuropeptide is dependent on general increase of [blank], require high stimulation

calcium

Neuropeptide receptors are [blank], inducing a slow response and have high binding affinity

G-protein coupled (GPCRs)

neuropeptides enhance or inhibit response to a second transmitter and are known as [blanks]

neuromodulators

neuropeptides are stored in large dense-core vesicles (do not [blank], used only once)

dock

[blank] cell bodies are in the spinal cord and limbic system and is the first neuropeptide ever described

Substance P

Intense peripheral stimulation releases substance P into dorsal horn, inducing hyperexcitability and increased sensitivity to [blank]

pain

Substance P is endogenously released in response to stress and induces the [blank-or-blank] response

fight-or-flight

Substance P induces (place) aversion, but [blank] doses induce (place) reward

lower

[blank] law describes curve of optimal stress, explains differences in activity in response to alcohol

Yerkes-Dodson

oxytocin is small, a vasopressin, and is neuroexcitatory, involved with social [blanking]

bonding

OT is synthesized in paraventricular nucleus of the [blank] and supraoptic nucleus

hypothalamus

OT can also be released into the bloodstream making it a [blank], it travels a greater distance

hormone

As a hormone, OT is involved in [blank] contractions and lactation

uterine

OT is slowly restricted across evolution, [blank] social effects in mice rather than monkeys

broader

OT receptor expression is much more restricted in the montane vole compared to the monogamous [blank] vole

praire

OT can increase [blank], increase activity to angry faces, indicating it increases social salience rather than promoting pro-social behaviors

envy

[blank] is a larger, neuroexcitatory, neuropeptide and hormone

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

CRF cell bodies are in the [blank] (feeding) and other limbic regions

hypothalamus

CRF as a hormone is involved in the [blank] and activates “fight or flight response to stressors

HPA Axis

CRF1 receptors promote stress responses while [blank] receptors decrease stress

CRF2

as a neuropeptide, CRF has [blank] regulation from glucocorticoids unlike when its a hormone

positive

CRF levels increase in limbic system in drug [blank] ; may trigger relapse under stress

withdrawal

Neuropeptide Y is larger, neuroinhibitory, and is the most [blank] neuropeptide in the brain

abundant

Neuropeptide Y cell bodies are most dense in hypothalamic [blank] nucleus and cerebral cortex

arcuate

Y1 receptor expression is highest in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus while Y2 is an [blank] and is the most abundant receptor

autoreceptor

Y4 is only in [blank], Y5 expression is highest in lateral septum, hippocampus, nucleus tractus solitarius, y6 is absent in rat and inactive in primates

brainstem

neuropeptide Y is the most potent [blank] peptide identified to date, strongest effects in hypothalamus

orexigenic

Hypothalamic injection of neuropeptide Y causes rats to preferentially eat [blanks]

carbohydrates

Within the hypothalamus injection of neuropeptide Y increases alcohol intake, outside of the hypothalamus injection of neuropeptide Y decreases ethanol drinking via the [blank]

amygdala

[blank] is small, neuroinhibitory (mostly), and is a member of the endogenous opioid family

enkaphalin

Enkephalin cell bodies are most dense in the [blank] but can be found almost everywhere

striatum

enkephalin [blanks] chronic pain (via medulla and raphe magnus) and does not effect acute pain

reduces

Enkephalin reduces [blank], induces reward, and increases feeding especially for fat

anxiety

enkephalin [blank] agonists increase alcohol intake and antagonists decrease alcohol intake, done by prolonging drinking

DOR

MCH is smaller and generally neuroinhibitory and is only in/near the [blank]

hypothalamus

MCH receptor expression is wide and strong and increases REM, stage 3&4 [blank]

sleep

MCH promotes energy [blank] by also increasing ongoing food intake

conservation

Orexin/hypocretin is generally neuroexcitatory, comes in 2 forms (A&B), OX1R only [blank] while OX2R is more diverse

Gq

Orexin cell bodies are also only in the hypothalamus similar to [blank], distinct but adjacent to them

MCH

Orexin neuron firing is robustly tied to [blank] in the sleep-wake cycle, reduction is tied to narcolepsy

arousal

Orexin promotes energy expenditure and works to [blank] food intake along with alcohol intake

initiate

canonically [blank] (but not OX1R) antagonist promotes sleep onset

OX2R

Neuropeptides work on a slow time scale are about [x] types, and talk to each other and to neurotransmitters

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