Virus and Bacteria Test Review

What is bacteria?

Bacteria are unicellular organisms that can be autotrophs or heterotrophs, can be pathogens, and can be good or bad for the body.

What is a virus?

Viruses are non-living, unicellular parasites that must take over a cell to continue their cycle.

What is an endospore?

An endospore is a protective structure formed by bacteria that has a tough outer shell.

What is a retrovirus?

A retrovirus is a virus that contains RNA that can be transcribed into DNA.

What was the first vaccine developed for?

The first vaccine was developed for smallpox.

What is the lytic cycle?

The lytic cycle is when a host cell bursts, releasing new viruses into the host's system, each of which infects another cell.

What is the lysogenic cycle?

The lysogenic cycle involves a virus combining its DNA with the host cell's DNA, forming a provirus that can remain dormant until activated.

What is a viroid?

A viroid is a type of plant virus.

What is a capsid?

A capsid is the protein coat of a virus.

What are T Cells?

T Cells are immune cells that come in two types: Helper T Cells, which tell the immune system to build a clone army, and Killer T Cells, which kill the virus/pathogen.

What are B Cells?

B Cells are immune cells that produce antibodies.

What is a macrophage?

Macrophages are immune cells that eat and digest bad pathogens.

What is a prion?

A prion is a disease-causing particle made of proteins.

What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

The secondary immune response is faster due to memory cells created during the primary response.

What is the difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

Archaebacteria can live in extreme environments and convert inorganic molecules into fuel, while Eubacteria are the common form and can be heterotrophs or autotrophs.

Why is bacteria important in plants?

Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants through nitrogen fixation.

How do chemioautotrophs gain their nutrients?

Chemioautotrophs gain their nutrients from inorganic substances.

What is conjugation in bacteria?

Conjugation is a process where one bacterium transfers part of its chromosome across a pilus to another bacterium.

What is nitrogen fixation?

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which bacteria create fertilizing compounds for plants from atmospheric nitrogen.

What is binary fission?

Binary fission is asexual reproduction where one bacterium splits into two and can grow exponentially.

In what products are bacteria used?

Bacteria are used to create yogurt, cheese, vinegar, and wine.

What triggers a virus to move from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle?

When a provirus is triggered, the virus will enter the lytic stage.

Why is a virus considered non-living?

Viruses do not have their own cells, need living cells to reproduce, and are considered parasites.

What is the difference between bacterial and plant cell walls?

Plant cell walls contain cellulose, while bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

What is the purpose of a ligand in a virus?

A ligand is a chemical messenger that tells a receptor what it is, helping the virus enter a host cell.

What is a plasmid?

A plasmid is a small portion of DNA used in the conjugation of bacteria.

What is in a vaccine that helps the immune system?

Vaccines may contain viral spikes for the immune system to recognize and produce memory cells.

What type of bacteria are found in herbivores' digestive systems?

Methanogens are the type of bacteria found in the digestive systems of herbivores.

How do memory cells help the body?

Memory cells store information on pathogens and mount a quicker and stronger secondary immune response upon re-exposure.

What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan wall without an outer membrane; gram-negative have a thinner peptidoglycan wall with an outer membrane.

What is the purpose of the human immune system?

To protect the body from foreign invaders and prevent disease.

Explain the lytic cycle of a virus.

The lytic cycle involves virus replication inside a host cell, followed by bursting the cell to release new viruses.

What is conjugation in bacteria?

Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact.